行星定位儀

來自约翰·舍纳的行星定位儀

行星定位儀(equatorium,複數:equatorium)是一種天文學計算儀器。它可以使用幾何模型來表示給定天體的位置,而無需進行算術運算即可找到月球太陽行星的位置。

歷史

行星定位儀可能是由古希臘人製造的,儘管沒有來自那個時期的任何發現或描述被保存下來。第4世紀的數學家亞歷山大的席恩英语Theon of Alexandria,對托勒密的實用天文表評論中介紹了一些圖表,根據托勒密的本輪理論,對行星的位置進行幾何計算。普羅克洛在五世紀的著作《Hypotyposis》中首次描述了太陽定位儀(相對於行星)的構造[1],在那裡,他給出了如何用木頭或青銅建造的說明[2]

現存的關於行星定位儀的最早描述是 阿方索十世贊助,在13世紀將阿拉伯作品的拉丁翻譯《天文學知識書籍英语Libros del saber de astronomia》,再以卡斯蒂利亞彙編的天文學作品:其中也包括11世紀早期的由伊本·薩姆英语Ibn al-Samh和1080/1081[3]扎爾卡萊英语Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī的論文集[2]

諾瓦拉的坎帕努斯英语Campanus of Novara的「理論天文館」(約1261-1264年)是歐洲現存最早的以拉丁文描述行星定位儀的文本[4]。 坎帕努斯的儀器類似於一個星盤,在一塊母盤內有幾個可互換的板塊。坎帕努斯論文的最佳手稿包括紙張和羊皮紙,以及帶有可移動部件的行星定位儀[2]

變化

可能出自法國,1600年的行星定位儀。

行星定位儀的歷史雖然僅僅在11世紀就結束,但它激發了一項更為多樣化的發明,名為「阿爾比翁」(Albion)。阿爾比翁是14世紀初沃林福德的理查發明的一種天文儀器[5]。它有各種各樣的功能用途,例如用於計算行星和合的行星定位儀。它可以計算日食發生的時間。阿爾比翁由18種不同的尺規組成,與行星定位儀比較,它非常的複雜。這種儀器的歷史至今仍有爭議,因為過去唯一的阿爾比翁既沒有名字也沒有標記[5]

星盤與行星定位儀的比較

要瞭解行星定位儀的起源,先回顧一下它的靈感來源:星盤。星盤的歷史可以追溯到大約西元前220年,由喜帕恰斯發明[6]。這兩種儀器之間的區別在於,星盤在特定位置和時間量測太陽和恒星在給定時間的位置;還有用於陸地和船隻的專用星盤。星盤的工作原理是將可移動組件(指標)調整到特定的日期和時間[7]。然後,將星盤與地平線對齊,將指標的一端放在與眼睛同高的位置,另一端指向您要查看的天體[7]。相較之下,行星定位儀是一種更罕見的天文儀器。它根據托勒密的行星理論,用於計算行星和天體過去或未來的位置。這些工具的相似之處在於,它們都是簡化和有效進行幾何計算的計算設備。

使用

行星定位儀可以根據本輪進一步專業化。有三種可能的本輪可調整為三組行星位置:月球、恆星、和太陽。在托勒密體系中的太陽被認為也是一顆行星,因此行星定位儀也可以用來確定它的位置[8]。通過使用托勒密的模型,天文學家能够製造出一種具有各種功能的單一儀器,以滿足太陽系以地球為中心的信念。事實上,因為行星的方向提供了對黃道星座的洞察力,這有助於一些醫生為患者提供醫療服務,專門的行星定位儀有占星術方面的醫學功能。

使用表格計算一顆行星的天體位置至少需要15分鐘[9]那個時代的占星術需要七個天體的位置,因此需要將近兩個小時的人工計算時間。

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ Proclus. Hypotyposis Astronomicarum Positionum. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana. Karl Manitius (ed.). Leipzig: Teubner. 1909. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Evans, James. The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. 1998: 404. ISBN 978-0-19-509539-5. 
  3. ^ Zarqali. islamsci.mcgill.ca. [2018-05-09]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-24). 
  4. ^ Toomer, G. J. Campanus of Novara. Gillispie, Charles Coulston (编). Dictionary of scientific biography III. New York: Scribner. 1971: 23–29. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Truffa, Giancarlo. The Albion of Rome. A unique example of Medieval Equatorium. [2021-11-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-21) (英语). 
  6. ^ Third Solution: The Equant Point - SliderBase. www.sliderbase.com. [2018-05-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-23) (美国英语). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 the definition of astrolabe. Dictionary.com. [2018-05-09]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-23). 
  8. ^ Colledge, Eric. THE EQUATORIUM OF THE PLANETS. Blackfriars. 1955, 36 (424–5): 276–284. JSTOR 43816789. 
  9. ^ Fosmire, Michael. Richard of Wallingford. Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer, New York, NY. 2014: 1831–1832. ISBN 978-1-4419-9916-0. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9917-7_1167 (英语). 

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