纯正希腊语

纯正希腊语希臘語Καθαρεύουσα)是一种自19世纪创造的『仿古文(pseudo-archaic words)』,是希腊王国时代、欧洲文化在希腊留下的殖民造物,1834年被奥托一世政权以强权推行,到1976年被民选政府废止。纯正希腊语作为一种试图将古典希腊语以德语、法语的语法形式复现,以取代通俗希腊语的人造语言方案,至19世纪到1976年被强制运用于文雅及官方场合(民众口头上依然使用通俗希腊语)。1976年希腊政府正式定通俗希腊语为官方文体,1982年时任希腊总理的安德烈亚斯·乔治乌·帕潘德里欧正式废除沿从希腊化时代就开始沿用的多调正写法

纯正希腊语由德国流亡古典学者阿扎曼蒂奧斯·科萊斯提出,被出任「希腊国王」的德意志王子奥托一世所接受和推行。

历史

纯正希腊语在当时广泛用于官方场合以及书面正式语。“纯正的”(Katharevousa)一词或者暗示着这种希腊语语言变体完全承继自古典希腊语,但是在现代语境中,这个词仅仅意味着“正式的”。

纯正希腊语以及通俗希腊语在当时的希腊社会有着明确的分工──前者用于各类官方以及正式场合,例如政治、书信、正式文档以及新闻,后者则为大众的口头语言。但是这种书面语和口语的割裂令当时的希腊大众被隔绝于政治以及教育之外。1976年,通俗希腊语成为官方文体,1982年时任希腊总理的安德烈亚斯·乔治乌·帕潘德里欧正式废除多调正写法。直至20世纪末期,纯正希腊语已经从希腊社会中被淘汰。但是纯正希腊语的大量词汇以及语法规则却依然强烈地影响着通俗希腊语。现代希腊语可谓是两者的结合体。纯正希腊语对后世的最大贡献可能在于它为现代希腊语提供了众多古典希腊语的词根来组成新词,例如“报纸”、“警察”、“汽车”、“电视”、“飞机”等,上述这些单词在希腊语中都是直接古典词根组成,而非直接借用外语。

现时使用状况

希腊教会以及其他希腊正教会现在依然使用纯正希腊语作为礼拜用语。

参见

其他语言的类似运动

参考资料

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