犁鼻器

鋤鼻器
鋤鼻器的位置標示於28毫米長的人體胚胎
基本信息
发育自嗅板
淋巴
标识字符
拉丁文organum vomeronasale
MeSHD019147
TA98A06.1.02.008
TA23141
FMAFMA:77280
格雷氏p.996
解剖學術語

鋤鼻器(vomeronasal organ (VNO)、Jacobson's organ、或稱 茄考生氏器鋤鼻器)是一種輔助嗅覺感覺器官,在多種動物中均能找到。這器官是由菲德里·勒伊斯英语Frederik Ruysch率先發現,其後在1813年,路德威·賈可布森英语Ludwig Lewin Jacobson也发现了這一器官。[1]

如同其他嗅覺系統,化學分子藉由與G-蛋白受器結合而產生訊息。鋤鼻器的神經元受器可分為三類:V1R[2],V2R[3][4][5]及FPR。[6][7]每種受器都是獨有的,種類相當多,但都是從主要嗅覺系統衍生而來。[8]

根據廣泛研究,很多動物都有鋤鼻器,大量研究亦顯示鋤鼻器對繁殖社交行為至為重要,但人類鋤鼻器的功能尚有爭議,大部分研究認為人類的鋤鼻器在胎儿发育过程中產生回退現象(退化)。因為許多跟鋤鼻器有關的基因在動物中有作用;但在人類的卻沒有作用。[9][10]雖然人類的鋤鼻器中有一些化學訊息溝通的功能,但不代表犁鼻器具有與其他動物一樣的作用。[11]

历史

1703年荷兰医生Frederik Ruysch为一个脸部受伤的士兵治疗时发现这个器官。

1811年丹麦解剖学家Ludwig Levin Jacobson第一次描述了它的解剖结构。[12]几乎同时,法国自然学者乔治·居维叶发表论文。[13](值得提出的是:Ludwig Levin Jacobso 是居维叶的学生)。

瑞士物理及解剖学家阿尔伯特·冯·科立克于1877年在德国维尔茨堡发表了一篇专著 《关于人类的犁鼻器器官》,他是第一次提供关于犁鼻器器官人类胚胎和成年个体的组织学证明的。

1950年推出Pheromone费洛蒙)这个概念,一种令另一动物通过嗅觉系统达到特定响应的分泌物。[14]

構造

胚胎發展初期,犁鼻器從神經板前端的鼻基板逐漸生成。犁鼻器是一種化學受器,位於鼻腔內,為一對盲囊,並由軟骨組織支撐著。屬於一種管狀構造,由鼻中膈成兩支成一對。算是輔助嗅覺系統的第一站,因為化學刺激訊號經由嗅球傳遞之後便到此,然後傳送到杏仁核終紋床核,由下視丘負責整合。

功能

證據顯示哺乳類的犁鼻器也可藉由感覺神經元感受不揮發物質的味道,這些不揮發物質直接與神經元接觸而接受到氣味,這些不揮發物質當中有一些是費洛蒙(費洛蒙是一種在同種生物間傳遞的化學訊息)。不像嗅球將神經訊息傳至嗅覺皮質,犁鼻器將神經訊息傳至嗅球然後傳送,然後傳送到杏仁核終紋床核,由下丘脑負責整合。由於下丘脑是主要神經內分泌中心,這也許可以解釋侵略行為交配行為,例如很多脊椎動物的腦部感覺訊息經過下丘脑可以偵測季節的改變並判斷是否適合交配。之後下丘脑便會分泌生殖激素來加強養育[15],因此整體而言與嗅覺系統和費洛蒙的關聯性相當高。[16]

感覺上皮細胞與受器

犁鼻器是成對而被包覆在鼻子上皮細胞中的管狀構造,開口於口腔頂壁,犁鼻器整體位於鼻腔底部,當其搏動時,會使鼻壁上的液體流過犁鼻器的化學受器,進而產生訊號。訊號經傳遞會到嗅球,再上傳到腦部引發性或直覺型的行為的區域。[17]

動物行為

行為研究

Kudjakova等人對非純血統鼠作了一些試探性的實驗,這些實驗室切除非純血統鼠的犁鼻器[18]。實驗結果顯示,沒有犁鼻器的非純血統鼠與對照組有明顯差異,這些非純血統鼠的社交能力較弱,同時造成了物種與物種之間接觸的頻率。

另一個由Beauchamp等人所做的研究調查了公天竺鼠的社會行為[19]。實驗將其中一半的天竺鼠切除犁鼻器;另一半則保留左半邊的犁鼻器。結果顯示,犁鼻器是公天竺鼠用來偵測異性氣味的必要器官,但實驗也發現完全切除犁鼻器的公天竺鼠仍可以使用其他嗅覺系統來與異性天竺鼠作互動。

這些動物行為相關的研究顯示犁鼻器是動物每天活動聯絡同種動物的重要器官,尤其是繁殖與社會互動。

人類以外的動物

具有功能的犁鼻器出現在許多動物之中,包含所有的蛇類蜥蜴,也包含許多哺乳類,例如大鼠山羊

除此之外,蠑螈具有敲鼻子的行為,應用此種方法加強犁鼻器的功能。蛇則使用犁鼻器來捕捉獵物,他們的犁鼻器位於口腔內的上顎部份, 以分叉舌頭在空氣中收集氣味分子再送回犁鼻器。使用上方的執握器(有時候被稱做指頭),內含犁鼻器,可以接收化學分子的刺激。錦龜使用犁鼻器來聞水底下的東西。家貓使用犁鼻器聞到他們喜歡的氣味時會“扮鬼臉”,該行為稱為裂唇嗅反應

人類

專家曾進行大量研究以確定在成年人中犁鼻器是否確實存在。D. 特罗捷(D. Trotier)等人估計他們實驗對象中約92%的人至少擁有一個完整的犁鼻器,而這些實驗對象是從未接受過鼻中隔彎曲矯正手術(septal surgery)的。[20]相反,克亞爾(Kjaer)與費雪(Fisher)指出胎兒發育時犁鼻器會消失,這現在也出現於靈長類動物身上。[21][22]但是,史密斯(Smith)與巴特纳格尔(Bhatnagar)於2000年斷言克亞爾和費雪完全忽略了可在較成熟胎兒中找到犁鼻器這一事實。[23]除此之外,因為科學家大都直接觀察犁鼻器這個器官,而未一一分析這些細胞是否為管狀上皮細胞,所以可能未發現犁鼻器或誤認犁鼻器。[24]根據約翰尼.沃恩(Johnny Won)的證據,他在22具屍體中的其中13具屍體裏找到犁鼻器,佔總數59.1%,而他的78位病人中則有22位擁有犁鼻器,佔總數的28.2%。[25]基於這些研究結果,一些科學家曾認為成年人是擁有犁鼻器的。但是使用了最新的微解剖技術並未發現犁鼻器具有像其他動物那麼強大的功能。[26][27]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Jacobson, L. (1813). Anatomisk Beskrivelse over et nyt Organ I Huusdyrenes Næse. Veterinær=Selskapets Skrifter [in Danish] 2,209–246.
  2. ^ Dulac C, Axel R. A novel family of genes encoding putative pheromone receptors in mammals. Cell. 1995 Oct 20;83(2):195-206.
  3. ^ Herrada G, Dulac C. A novel family of putative pheromone receptors in mammals with a topographically organized and sexually dimorphic distribution. Cell. 1997 Aug 22;90(4):763-73.
  4. ^ Matsunami H, Buck LB. A multigene family encoding a diverse array of putative pheromone receptors in mammals. Cell. 1997 Aug 22;90(4):775-84.
  5. ^ A new multigene family of putative pheromone receptors. Ryba NJ, Tirindelli R. Neuron. 1997 Aug;19(2):371-9.
  6. ^ Rivière S, Challet L, Fluegge D, Spehr M, Rodriguez I. Formyl peptide receptor-like proteins are a novel family of vomeronasal chemosensors. Nature. 2009 May 28;459(7246):574-7.
  7. ^ Liberles SD, Horowitz LF, Kuang D, Contos JJ, Wilson KL, Siltberg-Liberles J, Liberles DA, Buck LB. Formyl peptide receptors are candidate chemosensory receptors in the vomeronasal organ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 16;106(24):9842-7.
  8. ^ Hagino-Yamagishi K. Diverse systems for pheromone perception: multiple receptor families in two olfactory systems. Zoological Science. 2008 Dec;25(12):1179-89. PMID 19267644
  9. ^ Stowers L, Holy TE, Meister M, Dulac C, Koentges G. Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice deficient for TRP2. Science. 2002 295(5559):1493-500.
  10. ^ Liman ER. Use it or lose it: molecular evolution of sensory signaling in primates. Pflugers Arch. 2006;453(2):125-31.
  11. ^ Meredith, Michael "Human Vomeronasal Organ Function: A Critical Review of Best and Worst Cases" 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2011-08-22., Review, 2001, accessed May 29, 2011.
  12. ^ Didier Trotier, Kjell B. Doving:Anatomical Description of a New Organ in the Nose of Domesticated Animals' by Ludvig Jacobson (1813). Chem. Senses 23: 743-754, (1998)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (PDF; 3,2 MB)
  13. ^ Georges Cuvier: Description anatomique d'un organ obsen/6 dans les mammifieres. (1811) Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., 18: 412-424
  14. ^ P. Karlson, M. Luscher: Pheromones’:a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature (1959); 183:55–6
  15. ^ Kimball, J.W. Pheromones. Kimball's Biology Pages. Sep 2008. [2011-07-06]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-21). 
  16. ^ Keller M, Baum MJ, Brock O, Brennan PA, Bakker J. The main and the accessory olfactory systems interact in the control of mate recognition and sexual behavior. Behavioural Brain Research. 2009 Jun 25;200(2):268-76. PMID 19374011
  17. ^ 犁鼻器. [2011-07-06]. (原始内容存档于2014-01-18). 
  18. ^ Kudjakova TI, Sarycheva NY, Kamensky AA. Characteristics of Exploratory Behavior and the Level of Uneasiness of White Nonpurebred Rats after Extirpation of the Vomeronasal Organ (VNO). Doklady Biological Sciences. 2007 July; 208-211.[1][永久失效連結]
  19. ^ Beauchamp GK, Martin IG, Wysocki CJ, Wellington JL. Chemoinvestigatory and sexual behavior of male guinea pigs following vomeronasal organ removal. Physiol. Behav. 1982, 29 (2): 329–36 [2011-07-12]. PMID 7146138. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(82)90022-1. (原始内容存档于2019-09-25). 
  20. ^ Trotier D; et al. The vomeronasal cavity in adult humans.. Chemical Senses. 2000, 25 (4): 369–80. PMID 10944499. doi:10.1093/chemse/25.4.369. 
  21. ^ Kjaer I, Fischer Hansen B. The human vomeronasal organ: prenatal developmental stages and distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.. Eur J Oral Sci. 1996, 104 (1): 34–40. PMID 8653495. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00043.x. 
  22. ^ Smith TD, Siegel MI, Bhatnagar KP. Reappraisal of the vomeronasal system of catarrhine primates: ontogeny, morphology, functionality, and persisting questions. The Anatomical Record. August 2001, 265 (4): 176–92. PMID 11519019. doi:10.1002/ar.1152. 
  23. ^ Smith TD, Bhatnagar KP. The human vomeronasal organ. Part II: prenatal development. Journal of Anatomy. October 2000,. 197 Pt 3: 421–36. PMC 1468143可免费查阅. PMID 11117628. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19730421.x. [永久失效連結]
  24. ^ Bhatnagar KP, Smith TD. The human vomeronasal organ. III. Postnatal development from infancy to the ninth decade.. Journal of Anatomy. 2001, 199 (Pt 3): 289–302. PMC 1468331可免费查阅. PMID 11554506. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19930289.x. 
  25. ^ Won Johnny. The Vomeronasal Organ: An objective anatomic analysis of its prevalence. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. 2000 Aug. [2]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  26. ^ Nodari F, Hsu FF, Fu X, Holekamp TF, Kao LF, Turk J, Holy TE. Sulfated steroids as natural ligands of mouse pheromone-sensing neurons. J Neurosci. 2008 Jun 18;28(25):6407-18.
  27. ^ Witt M, Hummel T. Vomeronasal versus olfactory epithelium: is there a cellular basis for human vomeronasal perception?. International Review of Cytology. 2006, 248: 209–59. PMID 16487792. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)48004-9. 

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