此詞語源不明。1758年,英國的詹姆斯·伍爾夫將軍稱麾下之新英格蘭籍士兵為洋基佬:『我可以替你拉來兩師洋基佬』[9]英國人以此詞為雜用蔑稱,1775年嘲弄洋基大兵的漫畫即為一例。[10]『洋基與賓那邁』("Yankee and Pennamite")之戰用以形容賓夕法尼亞州自1769年以來為爭一片河岸而起的連串衝突,其中的『洋基』指的是主張所有權的康乃迪克州民一方。
^"That Yankee twang will be worth a hundred thousand votes." William Allen White, A Puritan in Babylon: The Story of Calvin Coolidge(1938)p. 122.
^ Ruth Schell, "Swamp Yankee," American Speech, 1963, Volume 38, No.2 , pg. 121–123. accessed through JSTOR
^ Fisher, Albion's Seed p 62; Edward Eggleston, The Transit of Civilization from England to America in the Seventeenth Century.(1901)p. 110; Fleser(1962)
Kleppner; Paul. The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures University of North Carolina Press. 1979, on Yankee voting behavior
Knights, Peter R.; Yankee Destinies: The Lives of Ordinary Nineteenth-Century Bostonians[6]
Mathews, Lois K. The Expansion of New England (1909).
Piersen, William Dillon. Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England(1988)
Power, Richard Lyle. Planting Corn Belt Culture(1953),on Indiana
Rose, Gregory. "Yankees/Yorkers," in Richard Sisson ed, The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia(2006)193–95, 714–5, 1094, 1194,
Sedgwick, Ellery; The Atlantic Monthly, 1857–1909: Yankee Humanism at High Tide and Ebb[7]
Smith, Bradford. Yankees in Paradise: The New England Impact on Hawaii(1956)
Taylor, William R. Cavalier and Yankee: The Old South and American National Character(1979)
WPA. Massachusetts: A Guide to Its Places and People. Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration of Massachusetts (1937).
語言學相關著作
Butsee H. Logemay, "The Etymology of 'Yankee'," Studies in English Philology in Honor of Frederick Klaeber, (1929) pp 403–13.
Fleser, Arthur F. "Coolidge's Delivery: Everybody Liked It." Southern Speech Journal 1966 32(2):98–104. Issn: 0038-4585
Harold Davis. "On the Origin of Yankee Doodle," American Speech, Vol. 13, No. 2(Apr., 1938),pp. 93–96 in JSTOR
Kretzschmar, William A. Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States(1994)
Lemay, J. A. Leo "The American Origins of Yankee Doodle," William and Mary Quarterly 33(Jan 1976)435–64
Mathews, Mitford M. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles(1951)pp 1896 ff for elaborate detail
Ruth Schell, "Swamp Yankee," American Speech, 1963, Volume 38, No.2(The American Dialect Society, Published by Duke University Press),pg. 121–123. accessed through JSTOR
Oscar G. Sonneck. Report on "the Star-Spangled Banner" "Hail Columbia" "America" "Yankee Doodle"(1909)pp 83ff online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)