波段

波段無線電通訊頻率中的一小段電磁波譜,通常以信道(channel)的方式來運用,或將相同類型、屬性的無線應用集中配置在某一處,舉例來說如:

  • 中波波段(AM broadcast band):530kHz — 1610kHz,若在美國可至1700kHz。
  • 短波波段(Shortwave bands):5.9MHz — 26.1MHz。
  • 高频频段(High frequency):频率在 3M-30M ,波长从 100 米到 10 米,二战前的早期雷达使用这个频段,因为当时技术能够得到可靠的大功率器件的最高频率。由于波长太大,对小物体的检测性能不好;但是可以超视距工作。
  • 甚高频(VHF,Very high frequency):频率范围是 30M 到 300M,其波长范围是 1 米到 10 米,因此这个波段又称为米波波段、超短波波段。米波雷达的天线较小,二战时可以安装在舰船上,作为搜索/警戒/预警雷达使用;该波段使得飞机难以隐身。
  • 民用波段
  • ISM頻段(Industrial Scientific Medical Band):中文意思分別是工業的(Industrial)、科學的(Scientific)和醫學的(Medical),因此顧名思義ISM頻段就是各國挪出某一段頻段主要開放給工業,科學和醫學機構使用。ISM頻段在各國的規定並不統一。
  • 電視地面無線發波站的無線電視頻道:2 — 6。(在美國為54MHz — 88MHz)
  • FM廣播波段英语FM broadcast band:88MHz — 108MHz,日本除外。(日本為76MHz — 90MHz)
  • 飛航用波段:108MHz — 136MHz,供航空运输管制之用。其中118MHz—136.975MHz作為飛機與飛機、塔台之間的通話聯絡用。
  • 無線電視頻道:7 — 13。(在美國為174MHz — 216MHz)
  • 特高频(UHF,Ultra High Frequency):频率是 300MHz~3GHz,波長由10公分至1公尺,一般也称为分米波波段。二战早期的机载反潜雷达就是工作在这个频段上。
  • 超高频(SHF,Super high frequency):频率是 3~30GHz。國際電信聯盟將超高頻的波長定為10厘米到1厘米。我們日常生活接觸的微波也是在這範圍,同時也包括了特高頻及極高頻。
  • 極高頻(EHF,Extremely high frequency):頻率範圍是30~300GHz,波長由1mm到10mm。主要應用於氣象雷達、空間通信、無線電天文等方面。
  • 業餘無線電:日常生活中也佔有數個不同的頻率頻道。
  • 軍用波段:
    • L波段:1452MHz — 1492MHz,專供美國之外的數位音訊廣播之用。在雷达领域L波段的频率范围是 1GHz 到 2GHz,波长从 30cm 到 15cm。L 表示远距离。这个波段常用于远程对空警戒雷达、太空雷达以及作用距离在 200 英里以上的空中交通管制雷达。
    • S波段:1750MHz — 2400MHz。在雷达领域,S波段的频率范围是 2GHz 到 4GHz,波长从 15cm 到7.5cm。S 的意思是Short。比较容易做到窄波束,用于机场终端监视雷达,可以得到很好的角分辨力和精度。做远程监视雷达受雨的影响很大,因此气象雷达也多工作在这个频段上。
    • C波段:频率范围是 4G 到 8G,波长从 7.5cm 到 3.75cm 之间,C 是英文 compromise 的缩写,即妥协、折中的意思。通讯卫星的早期工作频段。
    • X波段:8GHz — 12.5GHz。X表示这在二战期间曾经是一个保密频段,如警用测速雷达。
    • Ku、K、Ka波段:指12.5-40G 的频段。其中 K 是德文 Kurz,意思是短。二战期间发展起来的厘米波雷达. 频率是 22.24GHz是水蒸气的谐振波长,为了避开这个谐振频率,把 K 段分成 Ku(小于谐振频率的波段)和 Ka(大于谐振频率的波段)两个波段。其中 Ku 是 12-18GHz,Ka 是 27-40GHz。这个频段主要用于高分辨的测量。由于还存在大气衰减因素,其作用距离通常比较短。
    • V波段:40GHz — 75GHz。
    • W波段:75GHz — 110GHz。


上述這些不同用途的波段中,每種用途的波段內也有進行基礎的配置規劃(bandplan),例如哪個子波段可以佔用、哪個子波段當設為分享等,以避免相互干擾(interference),同時這也有助於制訂通訊協定,使發送器發送器間具有相容互通性(compatibility)。此外要說明的是,此也牽涉到物理學,波段是以頻率或波長來進行拆分,舉例而言,甚高頻(VHF)是30MHz或10公尺波長的短波,或者是比30MHz頻率更低、比10公尺波長更長的波。這些僅是無線電頻譜(radio spectrum)中的一部份,而不是它們的頻率配置劃分

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