氪-85

氪-85,85Kr
基本
符號85Kr
名稱氪-85、Kr-85
原子序36
中子數49
核素数据
半衰期10.756 年
衰变产物85Rb
原子量84.9125273(21) u
自旋9/2+
过剩能量-81480.267 keV
结合能8698.562 keV
衰變模式
衰变类型衰变能量MeV
β衰变0.687
β衰变0.173
氪的同位素
完整核素表

氪-85 (85)是的一种放射性同位素。它的半衰期为10.756年,最大衰变能为687千电子伏特(keV)[1],它衰变为稳定的-85。最常见的衰变(99.57%)是通过β粒子辐射,最大能量为687电子伏特,平均能量为251电子伏特。第二种最常见的β粒子辐射为0.43%的衰变,最大能量173千电子伏,其次是伽马射线辐射(能量为514千电子伏)[2] 其他衰变模式则概率很小且辐射的伽马射线能量也较低[1][3]

辐射危害性而言,在不考虑氡衰变链其余部分的前提下,440贝克85相当于1贝克的氡-222

大气层中的分布

中等寿命裂变产物
项:
单位:
t½
a
产额
%
Q*
KeV
βγ
*
155Eu 4.76 .0803 252 βγ
85Kr 10.76 .2180 687 βγ
113mCd 14.1 .0008 316 β
90Sr 28.9 4.505 2826 β
137Cs 30.23 6.337 1176 βγ
121mSn 43.9 .00005 390 βγ
151Sm 90 .5314 77 β

自然发生

氪-85是由宇宙射线与大气层中稳定的氪-84相互作用产生的少量物质,自然来源在大气层中保持着约0.09拍贝克的均衡量[4]

人工生产

然而,截至2009年,由于人为因素,大气层中的总量估计已达到5500拍贝克[5]。2000年底,估计为4800拍贝克,1973年估计为1961拍贝克(53兆居里)[6]。这些人为来源中最重要的是核燃料再处理[4][5][6],核裂变每1000次产生约3个氪-85原子,即裂变产出率为0.3%[7]。大部分或全部氪-85被保留在乏核燃料棒中;从反应堆排出的乏燃料含有0.13-1.8拍贝克/毫克的氪-85[4],其中一些乏燃料会被再处理。当乏燃料溶解处理时,则会释放气态氪85到大气中。原则上,可将这种氪气作为核废料收集和储存起来,或加以利用。截至2000年,估计全球从再处理活动中释放的氪-85累积量为1060拍贝克[4]。由于放射性衰变,上述存在于全球大气层中的氪-85量小于这一数值;只有一小部分溶解在深海中[4]

其他人造资源对总量作用不大,大气层核试验释放了约111-185拍贝克[4];1979年三里岛核电站事故释放了约1.6拍贝克(43千居里)[8]切尔诺贝利核事故释放了大约35拍贝克[4][5];而福岛第一核电站事故则估计释放了44-84拍贝克[9]

1976年,大气层中氪-85的平均浓度约为0.6吉贝克/米3,到2005年已增至约1.3吉贝克/米3[4][10],这只是近似的全球平均值;核废料处理设施周围的局部浓度较高,且北半球的浓度通常高于南半球。

对于广域大气层监测来说,氪-85是反映秘密分离钚的最佳指标[11]

氪-85的释放增加了大气层的导电性,靠近排放源的地方,气象影响预计会更强[12]

工业用途

氪-85被用于娱乐业中常用的电弧放电灯,如大型镝灯及高强度气体放电灯[13][14][15][16][17]。氙灯放电管中充入氪-85使氙灯更易被点燃[14],早期实验性氪-85照明的开发包括1957年设计的铁路信号灯[18]和1969年在亚利桑那州竖立的公路照明标志[19]。目前随机数服务器HotBits使用了氪-85封闭容器(暗指放射性同位素量子力学的无序状态之源)[20]

氪-85还用于检查飞机部件的小缺陷,氪-85能穿透小裂纹,通过放射自显影方式检测损伤的存在,这种方法被称为“氪气体渗透成像”。气体渗透的裂口比“着色浸透探伤检测”和“荧光渗透检测”中使用的液体要更小[21]

氪-85还应用于冷阴极稳压电子管,如5651型[22]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes - Kr85. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, USA. [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档于2015-06-11). 
  2. ^ M. Gorden; et al. Pinellas Plant – Occupational Environmental Dose rev1 (PDF). ORAU. 15 July 2011 [2015-05-30]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-26). 
  3. ^ H. Sievers. Nuclear data sheets update for A=85. Nuclear Data Sheets. 1991, 62: 271–325. Bibcode:1991NDS....62..271S. doi:10.1016/0090-3752(91)80016-Y. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 K. Winger; et al. A new compilation of the atmospheric 85krypton inventories from 1945 to 2000 and its evaluation in a global transport model. JRNL of Envir Radioactivity. 2005, 80 (2): 183–215. PMID 15701383. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.09.005. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 J. Ahlswede; et al. Update and improvement of the global krypton-85 emission inventory. JRNL of Envir Radioactivity. 2013, 115: 34–42. PMID 22858641. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.07.006. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Telegadas, K.; Ferber, G. J. Atmospheric Concentrations and Inventory of Krypton-85 in 1973. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science). 1975-11-28, 190 (4217): 882–883. Bibcode:1975Sci...190..882T. JSTOR 1741777. doi:10.1126/science.190.4217.882. 
  7. ^ Cumulative Fission Yields. JEFF-3.1 Nuclear Data Library, JEFF Report 21, OECD/NEA, Paris, France, 2006. August 2005 [2015-06-01]. ISBN 978-92-64-02314-7. (原始内容存档于2021-03-08). 
  8. ^ U.S. NRC: Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island accident. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2014-12-12 [2015-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-15). 
  9. ^ W. Lin; et al. Radioactivity impacts of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident on the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment. 2015, 102: 311–322. Bibcode:2015AtmEn.102..311L. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.11.047. 
  10. ^ O. Ross; et al. Simulations of the atmospheric krypton-85 to assess the detectability of clandestine nuclear reprocessing (PDF). Symposium on International Safeguards: Preparing for Future Verification Challenges; Vienna (Austria); 1-5 Nov 2010 (技术报告) (IAEA-CN-184). 
  11. ^ Kalinowski, Martin B.; Sartorius, Hartmut; Uhl, Stefan; Weiss, Wolfgang, Conclusions on plutonium separation from atmospheric krypton-85 measured at various distances from the Karlsruhe reprocessing plant, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2004, 73 (2): 203–22, PMID 15023448, doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.09.002 
  12. ^ Harrison, R. G.; ApSimon, H. M. Krypton-85 pollution and atmospheric electricity. Atmospheric Environment. 1994-02-01, 28 (4): 637–648. Bibcode:1994AtmEn..28..637H. doi:10.1016/1352-2310(94)90041-8. 
  13. ^ Krypton-85 (PDF). Spectragases.com (2004-12-30). Retrieved on 2013-07-25.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Lamp Types, European Lamp Companies Federation, [2012-11-06], (原始内容存档于2012-11-06) 
  15. ^ Ionizing Substances in Lighting Products (PDF), European Lamp Companies Federation, 2009 [2012-11-06], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-11-06) 
  16. ^ NRPB and GRS, Transport of Consumer Goods containing Small Quantities of Radioactive Materials (PDF), European Commission, 2001 [2012-11-06], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-11-06) 
  17. ^ Assessment of the Radiological Impact of the Transport and Disposal of Light Bulbs Containing Tritium, Krypton-85 and Radioisotopes of Thorium, Health Protection Agency, 2011 [2012-11-06], (原始内容存档于2012-11-06) 
  18. ^ Make A-powered Rail Signal Light in D&RGW Labs. The Ogden Standard-Examiner. 1957-02-17 [2015-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-19) –通过Newspapers.com. 
  19. ^ Davis, Al. Atomic sign glows day and night here. Arizona Republic. 1970-01-04 [2015-05-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-08-19) –通过Newspapers.com. 
  20. ^ Totally Random. Wired Magazine 11 (8). August 2003 [2021-02-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-03-24). 
  21. ^ Glatz, Joseph. Krypton Gas Penetrant Imaging – A Valuable Tool for Ensuring Structural Integrity in Aircraft Engine Components. American Society for Nondestructive Testing
  22. ^ 5651 Sylvania Voltage Regulator Stabilizer Electron Tube页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Oddmix.com (2013-05-15). Retrieved on 2013-07-25.

 

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