Viscum album subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit. ——分布在中欧,果实为白色,叶片最长可达8cm;寄生于冷杉属(Abies)植物。
Viscum album subsp. album. ——分布在欧洲、西南亚(东至尼泊尔),也是欧洲的主要亚种,果实为白色,叶片长度3~5cm;寄生于苹果属(Malus)、杨属(Populus)、椴属(Tilia)植物,偶尔也寄生在许多其它物种上。特别重要的是罕见地寄生在栎属(Quercus)植物的情形,曾经具有重要的文化意涵。
Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann. ——分布在中欧以及澳大利亚,果实为黄色,叶片长度2~4cm;寄生于落叶松属(Larix)、松属(Pinus)和云杉属(Picea)植物。
Viscum album subsp. meridianum (Danser) D.G.Long. ——分布在东南亚,果实为黄色,叶片长度3~5cm;寄生于枫属(Acer)、鹅耳枥属(Carpinus)、胡桃属(Juglans)、李亚属(Prunus)、花楸属(Sorbus)植物。
Viscum album subsp. creticum ——近来在克里特岛东部发现的新亚种[4],果实为白色,叶片短小;寄生于土耳其松(Pinus brutia)。
Viscum album subsp. coloratum Kom.——日本分布的主要亚种[20]。果实为淡黄色,宿主植物种类多样。偶然有果实为橙黄色者,会被称为アカミヤドリギ f. rubro-aurantiacum ,即“赤身宿り木”(红身槲寄生),但在《中国植物志》上被处理为独立种Viscum coloratum (Kom) Nakai。已证实日本分布的槲寄生与欧洲各亚种间属于同一个染色体系统,但却有最大的染色体染色体易位多样性[21]。
古希腊人很早就知道槲寄生的一些自然特征。例如,逍遙學派的代表人泰奧弗拉斯托斯就对槲寄生有过一番考察。在其著作《论植物之生成》(On the Causes of Plants ,Περὶ φυτῶν αἰτιῶν)中,泰奥弗拉斯托斯注意到了槲寄生不在地上生长而只在某些宿主树种上生长的特征,并已经知道鸟类会食用其浆果,据此推断是鸟类负责为其播种[47]。
一般相信,今天西方在槲寄生下接吻的普遍习俗来自于基督教早期的扩张和对其他宗教及民俗的吸收,但具体来源说法多样,可能有与古罗马农神节相关的传统,可能与凯尔特人的习俗有关[50],也可能与斯堪地纳维亚神话的改编版本有关[55]。不过直到16世纪的英格兰才有相关的记录,而在当时这却已经是一个相当普遍的习俗。而它为众人所知的时刻则也是在18世纪,1808年其曾经被试图推广[56],据信维多利亚时代的服务阶层(serving class)是使这种习俗长存的动力。而最出名的描述当属美国作家华盛顿•欧文(Washington Irving)1820年的著作《英伦见闻录》(The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent)[57],其中写道:
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^ 2.02.12.22.3Ball, P. W. (1993): Viscum L. In: Tutin, T. G.; Burges, N. A.; Chater, A. O.; Edmondson, J. R.; Heywood, V. H.; Moore, D. M.; Valentine, D. H.; Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.): Flora Europaea, vol. 1, Psilotaceae to Platanaceae. – Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, p. 86
^ 3.03.13.23.3Tubeuf, K. v. (1923): Monographie der Mistel. – R. Oldenbourg, München.
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^ 5.05.15.2Huaxing Qiu & Michael G. Gilbert (2003) Viscaceae. In Flora of China 5: 243.
^ 6.06.16.2Troll, W. (1937): Vergleichende Morphologie der höheren Pflanzen, Bd. 1, Borntraeger, Berlin, 618–619.
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^Holtorf, S.; Ludwig-Müller, J.; Apel, K. & Bohlmann, H. (1998): High-level expression of a viscotoxin in Arabidopsis thaliana gives enhanced resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae. – Plant Mol. Biol. 36: 673–680.
^David M. Watson, 2001, Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 32: 219-249
^David M. Watson, Matthew Herring, 2012. Mistletoe as a keystone resource: an experimental test. Proceeding of the Royal Society B, 279 (1743): 3853-3860
^Iriana Zuria ,Ignacio Castellanos, J. Edward Gates, 2014. The influence of mistletoes on birds in an agricultural landscape of central Mexico. Acta Oecologica 61: 51-56
^Susan Milius, "Mistletoe, of All Things, Helps Juniper Trees" Science News161.1 (January 2002:6).
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^Urech, K. (1987): Wirkung der Mistel (Viscum album L.) auf implantierte und autochthone Tumoren von Tieren. – Mitt. Ver. Krebsforschung 2: 1–27.
^Horneber MA, Bueschel G, Huber R, Linde K, Rostock M (2008). "Mistletoe therapy in oncology". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Systematic review) (2): CD003297. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2. PMID 18425885. "The review found that there was not enough evidence to reach clear conclusions about the effects on any of these outcomes and it is therefore not clear to what extent the application of mistletoe extracts translates into improved symptom control, enhanced tumour response or prolonged survival."
^史金納, 查爾斯. 植物神話與傳說-101種花草木果的自然知識與傳奇故事. Morning Star Publishing Inc (晨星出版有限公司). 2021: 228. ISBN 9786267009925, 6267009920 请检查|isbn=值 (帮助).
^Theophrastus. De causis plantarum, vol. I., II. & III. Einarson, B. & Link, G.K.K. (translators, 1976 & 1990), William Heinemann - Harvard University Press, London, Cambridge, Mass. 2.17.1-10
^Susan Drury, "Customs and Beliefs Associated with Christmas Evergreens: A Preliminary Survey" Folklore98.2 (1987:194–199) p. 194.
^E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 1898, s.v. "Kissing under the mistletoe" relates the custom to the death of Baldr, without authority.
^In a newspaper advertisement for shaving products:'THE KISS UNDER THE MISSELTOE. Under the misseltoe the maid was led/Altho' she cried, No, she held up her head/To obtain a kiss: a sigh was heard./The reason why - Tom rubbed her with his beard' The Times (London, England), 13 October 1808; p.4
^"Christmas Eve" from Washington Irving, The Sketch-Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." (Rev. ed. 1852), p.254 (available on Google Books).
^Hamel, Frazer, ed. The Golden Bough, London: Wordsworth, 1993.
^Hays, From Ape to Angel: An Informal History of Social Anthropology, p. 314, cited in L. L. Langness, The Study of Culture (Corte Madera: Chandler & Sharp, 1974), p. 75
^Wittgenstein L., Remarks on Frazer's Golden Bough, Humanities Pr. (1987)