柿子

柿子一般指的是柿樹屬的果實,最常見的物种是原产中国的柿树[1],但其他地区也有柿属植物。

柿子的品種有1000多種,以脫澀與否分為甜柿和澀柿兩大類為主[2],前者成熟時已經脫澀可以直接食用,後者需要人工脫澀,中國日本韓國巴西是世界的主要產地。

柿有多種類型,除了最常見的林柿之外,亦有異色柿德州柿、黑色柿、印度柿、豆柿美洲柿等,在野外偶有時可發現野生未馴化的毛柿(毛桃亦同)。

台灣柿子種植現況

柿子栽種集中在嘉義臺中苗栗等地。臺灣北埔新竹地區柿樹栽種面積最大的鄉鎮,但製作柿餅的原料主要來自嘉義縣番路鄉所種植的柿子,而番路鄉除了將柿子外銷之外,本身亦產柿餅;苗栗及新竹以石柿為代表,適合製成柿餅,台中的四周柿普遍處理成「紅柿」(軟柿)食用,嘉義番路鄉的牛心柿又名「水柿、浸柿、脆柿」(硬柿),糖度約11~14度,果實大,產量大。甜柿於台灣主要產區為台中和平、新竹五峰、尖石,主要栽培品種為富有甜柿、次郎甜柿,還有少量的花御所甜柿,富有甜柿為目前台灣甜柿栽培的主要品種,果皮橙紅色,色澤鮮豔均勻,果肉粉質,肉質稍緻密,汁多,糖度14~16度,食味中上。成熟期略晚,屬於中晚生的完全甜柿。[3]

食用

中医学中的属性
性味归经
性味 性寒,味甘涩
归经 肺经
功效 肺生津,清热止血,涩肠健脾,解酒降压。
宜忌
宜食
忌食 螃蟹 白薯[來源請求]

甜柿可以直接食用,涩柿则需要人工脱涩后方可食用。 脱涩的方法一般有放置一段时间,和用温水或石灰水浸泡等。

柿饼

除鲜食外,整个柿子晒干之后可以制成柿饼。柿饼外部有一层白色粉末,叫做柿霜。柿霜并不是淀粉,主要是由内部渗出的葡萄糖凝结成的晶体构成。这些晶体并不易同空气中的水分相结合,因此柿饼表面通常会保持干燥。这也有利于柿饼的保存。柿还可以酿成柿酒、柿醋,加工成柿脯、柿粉、柿霜、柿茶、冻柿子等等。

華北地區,尤其是山东一些地区的人们用柿来做柿子煎饼

波蘭籍天主教耶穌會來華傳教士卜彌格十七世紀著作《Flora Sinensis》(譯:中國植物志)畫筆下的柿餅樹。

东北地区,由于柿子不易运输和贮存,冬天一般把柿子放在室外,用极低的温度把柿冻成冰,称为“冻柿子”,然后运输和贮存。由于冻柿子很硬,食用前一般要先放入热水,使其软化,这个程被称为“化冻柿子”。化过的冻柿子和没有化过的冻柿子口感相差很大。也有人直接食用冰冷坚硬的冻柿子,另有一番风味。

空腹吃柿子可能会引起“胃石症”。柿子含有大量的柿胶,当柿子进入空腹时,柿胶会与胃酸在凝聚成硬块;当硬块越积越大时,可能导致无法排出,医学上称为“胃柿石病”。

此外,患有缺铁性贫血和正在服用铁剂的患者不能吃柿子,因为柿子里有一种物质会妨碍铁的吸收。

营养和保健

柿子
营养成份表
每100食物中
热量
 - 脂肪
 - 碳水化合物
 - 蛋白质
48千卡
0.9千卡
44千卡
2.8千卡
蛋白质 0.7
脂肪
 - 饱和脂肪酸
 - 多不饱和脂肪酸
 - 单不饱和脂肪酸
0.1
-
-
-
碳水化合物 11
无机盐 2.9
常量元素
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
-
10毫克
19毫克
-
-
-
微量元素
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
-
0.2毫克
19毫克
-
-
-
维生素A -
维生素B
 - 维生素B1
 - 维生素B2
 - 维生素B3
 - 维生素B12
-
-
-
-
-
维生素C -
维生素D -
维生素E -

柿子要放熟再吃,過澀的柿子較多鞣酸成分,食用過量容易傷害消化系統,因此買來的柿子不夠熟,可放在室內常溫下催熟,就能去除澀味。

习俗

在中国某些地方有过年吃柿子的习俗,意指“事事如意”。

参考文献

  1. ^ Boning, Charles R. Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. 2006: 181. ISBN 1561643726. 
  2. ^ https://kmweb.coa.gov.tw/subject/ct.asp?xItem=261639&ctNode=6506&mp=333&kpi=0&hashid=
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2017-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-10). 

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·柿部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成

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