有用的白痴

有用的白痴（英語：useful idiot；俄语：полезные дураки）是一个政治术语，指在为某种事业奋斗，却未完全理解自身行为后果，且未意识到自己正被操纵的人，常被这一事业的领导人用于讽刺，含贬义[1][2]。该词最初使用于冷战期间，以形容易于受到共产党宣传和操纵影响的非共产党人士[1]。该词经常被认作是列宁所说[3]，也有说法称是卡尔·拉狄克所说[4]。

早期用法

“有用白痴”一词，指那些观点可以被利用来达到政治目的的愚蠢之人，早在1864年就出现在一份英国期刊上[5]。在冷战时期，该词出现在1948年6月的《纽约时报》一篇关于当代意大利政治的文章（“欧洲出现共产主义转向”）中[1]，引用了意大利民主社会党的报纸《人道报（義大利語：L'Umanità (quotidiano)）》[6]。《人道报》认为，意大利社会党在1948年義大利大選期间与意大利共产党（PCI）结成了名为人民民主阵线的人民陣線，它将面临要么与意大利共产党合并，要么退出联盟的选择。[6] 该词后来出现在 1955 年美国劳工联合会《新闻报道》的一篇文章中，指的是支持共产主义事业的意大利人[7]。《时代杂志》于1958年1月首次使用该短语，文中写道，基督教民主党的一些成员认为社会活动家达尼洛·多尔奇（英语：Danilo_Dolci）是共产主义事业的“有用白痴”[8] 。此后，该短语在该期刊的文章中反复出现，从20世纪70年代[9]，到80年代[10]，再到千禧年代[11]，以及2010年代[12][13]。

在俄语中，“有用白痴”一词早在1941年就已使用。该词被用来嘲笑19世纪60年代的蘇聯“虚无主义者”，据说他们对波兰特工来说不过是“有用白痴和愚蠢的狂热分子”[14]。

虽然“西方有用白痴”一词经常被认为是弗拉基米尔·列宁说的，但没有文献记载他曾经使用过这个短语[15]。美国记者威廉·萨菲尔（英语：William_Safire）在1987年为《纽约时报》撰写的一篇文章中报道了他对该词起源的探寻。他写道，美国国会图书馆的一位高级参考馆员格兰特·哈里斯在列宁的著作中找不到这个短语。萨菲尔联系塔斯社和共产党纽约总部也一无所获。他得出结论，在缺乏确凿证据的情况下，必须措辞谨慎，比如“由于列宁曾说……”[15]。

參見

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 useful idiot. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2017. 
  2. ^ Holder, R. W., useful fool, Oxford Dictionary of Euphemisms, Oxford University Press: 394, 2008, ISBN 978-0199235179, useful fool – a dupe of the Communists. Lenin's phrase for the shallow thinkers in the West whom the Communists manipulated. Also as useful idiot. 
  3. ^ Columnist, Jeff Jacoby Globe; December 25; 2016; Comments, 12:00 a m Email to a Friend Share on Facebook Share on TwitterPrint this Article View. As socialism shattered Venezuela, the useful idiots applauded - The Boston Globe. BostonGlobe.com. [2020-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）. 
  4. ^ Политика: теоретический и политический журнал ЦК КП Эстонии. Изд-во ЦК КП Эстонии. 1990-09-12 –通过Google Books. 
  5. ^ 'useful idiot': Meaning and origin. 2021-03-26 [2024-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-26）. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Cortesi, Arnold. Communist Shift is seen in Europe; Tour of Two Italian Leaders Behind Iron Curtain Held to Doom Popular Fronts. The New York Times. 1948-06-21 [2018-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）. 
  7. ^ Stogel, Syd. 'Useful Idiots' Keep Italy Reds Strong. American Federation of Labor News-Reporter. 1955. 
  8. ^ Italy: From the Slums. Time. 1958-01-13 [2024-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）. 
  9. ^ WORLD: The City as a Battlefield: A Global Concern. Time. 1970-11-02 [2024-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）. 
  10. ^ Lamar, Jr., Jacob V. An Offer They Can Refuse. Time. 1987-12-14 [2024-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）. 
  11. ^ Poniewozik, James. TV Marks Obama Anniversary with Documentaries, Aliens. Time. 2009-11-03 [2024-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）. 
  12. ^ Klein, Joe. Israel First, Yet Again. Time. 2010-11-26 [2018-03-12]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-19）. 
  13. ^ Steinmetz, Katy. Wednesday Words: Useful Idiots, Don 'Draping' and More. Time. 2012-03-14 [2018-03-12]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-26）. 
  14. ^ 例如，俄罗斯文学评论家瓦西里·巴扎诺夫​（俄语）在评论尼古拉·莱斯科夫的反虚无主义小说时就使用了这个词：“Русские «нигилисты» в руках польских агентов, судя по роману Лескова, были не больше как «полезные дураки» и глупые энтузиасты, которых можно заставить итти в огонь и в воду”（“根据莱斯科夫的小说，俄罗斯的‘虚无主义者’对波兰特工来说不过是‘有用白痴’和愚蠢的狂热分子，可以被驱使着赴汤蹈火。”），引自巴扎诺夫的专著《Из литературной полемики 60-х годов》，卡累利阿-芬兰苏维埃社会主义共和国国立出版社，彼得罗扎沃茨克，1941 年 p. 80 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 该短语指的是当时的一种观点，即俄罗斯的革命运动（俗称“虚无主义者”）是波兰起义者反俄宣传的结果。
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Safire, William. On Language: Useful Idiots Of the West. 纽约时报. 1987-04-12 [2017-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-22）. 

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