北约对曲射火力的定义是“向瞄准者看不到的目标所投放的火力”(fire delivered at a target which cannot be seen by the aimer)[7]。虽然有的目标仍然在直视范围内,只要炮口指向和弹道顶点不在视野中,仍然可以算成是曲射。理论上来说,45度仰角可以达到的射程最远。[8][9][10]
^ 2.02.1The History of the Royal Artillery from the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Vol II, 1899–1914, Major General Sir John Headlam, 1934
^Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline, Brigadier O. F. G. Hogg, 1970, C. Hurst and Company
^"Red God of War" Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces, Chris Bellamy, 1986
^Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions. Perret, Brian. Cassell 2000. ISBN978-0-304-35456-6: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action.
^Chapter 3: Employment, Close Operations. FM 6-60: Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures For Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) Operations. Department of the Army, US Marine Corp. 23 April 1996 [8 May 2020]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-07) –通过globalsecurity.com.