拉蒙·贝伦格尔一世

拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世
拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世
巴塞隆納伯爵
在位1035年—1076年
前任貝倫格爾·拉蒙一世
繼任拉蒙·貝倫格爾二世
貝倫格爾·拉蒙二世
出生1023年
逝世1076年5月26日(1076歲—05—26)(52—53歲)
貴族巴塞隆納王朝
配偶加斯科涅的伊莎貝·特倫卡維爾
納博訥的布蘭卡
拉馬爾什的阿爾莫迪斯英语Almodis of La Marche
子嗣
父親貝倫格爾·拉蒙一世
母親卡斯蒂利亞的桑查·加西亞
宗教信仰羅馬天主教

拉蒙·贝伦格尔一世(Ramon Berenguer I),或老拉蒙·贝伦格尔一世,1035年至1076年为巴塞隆納伯爵,颁布了加泰罗尼亚最早的成文法《烏沙茨英语Usages of Barcelona》,曾与摩尔人作战,将势力拓展至巴尔瓦斯特罗和比利牛斯山以北的卡尔卡松,对当地摩尔人施加重税,促成加泰罗尼亚历史上的第一次繁荣,其海洋实力也得到了发展。[1]

生平

拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世出生於1024年,於1035年繼承他的父親貝倫格爾·拉蒙一世的爵位。正是在他的統治期間,巴塞羅那伯國在其他加泰羅尼亞地區中的主導地位變得更為明顯。

拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世長年與摩爾人作戰,將他的領土向西擴展到巴爾瓦斯特羅,並對其他摩爾人城市要求大量的進貢。歷史學家聲稱,這些貢品幫助加泰羅尼亞創造歷史上的第一波繁榮。在他統治期間,加泰羅尼亞的海上力量開始在發展至地中海西部。老拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世也是加泰羅尼亞的諸國中第一個獲得領地(卡爾卡松拉澤斯)並影響比利牛斯山脈以北的伯爵[2]

老拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世的另一項重大成就是開始將加泰羅尼亞法律編入成文的《巴塞羅那法典》,這將成為西歐第一部完整的封建法律彙編。法律編纂是伯爵努力推進並以某種方式控制封建化進程的一部分,封建化進程始於他軟弱的父親貝倫古·拉蒙統治時期。另一個主要貢獻者是教會通過上帝治世機構採取行動。這在特定時間在特定地區建立交戰派系和領主之間的普遍休戰。在西歐引入“上帝治世”的最早日期是1027年在加泰羅尼亞,在他父親貝倫古·拉蒙一世統治期間。

雖然拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世仍與他的第二任妻子布蘭卡有婚姻關係,但他與呂西尼昂勳爵于格五世英语Hugh V of Lusignan的前妻、圖盧茲伯爵旁斯英语Pons, Count of Toulouse的妻子、利摩日女伯爵拉馬爾什的阿爾莫迪斯英语Almodis of La Marche發生關係[3]。兩人很快結婚並因此被教皇維篤二世開除教籍[3][4]

拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世和他的第三任妻子阿爾莫迪斯還建立羅馬式的巴塞隆拿主教座堂,以取代可能被阿爾曼索爾摧毀的舊大教堂。他們的天鵝絨和黃銅包邊木棺仍然陳列在最終取代了他們建立的大教堂的新哥德式的立面上。

拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世與第一任妻子加斯科涅的伊莎貝·特倫卡維爾所生的彼得·雷蒙迪英语Peter Raymundi因為恐怕阿爾莫迪斯當時的影響力和會以其兒子取代他的繼承人地位而於1071年謀殺阿爾莫迪斯,最終於1073年,羅馬紅世衣主教在教皇格列高利七世的要求下[5],判處雷蒙迪不正常的懺悔,這既符合政治形勢,又顯示了格列高利七世對嚴厲懺悔的立場[5]。雷蒙迪被判處24年苦修包括無法攜帶武器,而不是更常見的要求加入修道院或去朝聖[6]。其一方面是他“絕不應該攜帶軍用武器,除非在兩種緊急情況下:保護自己免受敵人的侵害,以及騎馬與撒拉遜人作戰”[7]。除了穆斯林之外,雷蒙迪沒有人可以戰鬥,為了維持他的“戰利品經濟”財富和影響力,他參加了收復失地運動

他們的雙胞胎兒子拉蒙·貝倫格爾二世貝倫格爾·拉蒙二世一同繼承爵位。

婚姻和後代

巴塞隆拿主教座堂的拉蒙·貝倫格爾一世的墳墓。

參考資料

  1. ^ Bernard F. Reilly, The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain, 1031-1157, Blackwell Publishing, 1995.
  2. ^ Reilly 1995,第48-49頁.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Humphrey 1993,第34頁.
  4. ^ Reilly 1995,第67頁.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 H. E. J. Cowdrey. Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1998: 512. ISBN 0191584592 –通过Google Books. 
  6. ^ Jotischky, Andrew. The Crusades: A Beginner's Guide. 1780745028: Oneworld Publications. 2015 –通过Google Books. 
  7. ^ Mastnak, Tomaz. Crusading Peace: Christendom, the Muslim World, and Western Political Order. University of California Press. 2002: 41. ISBN 0520226356 –通过Google Books. 
  8. ^ Reilly 1995,第71頁.


參考文獻

  • Bishko, Charles Julian. Studies in Medieval Spanish Frontier History. Variorum Reprints. 1980. 
  • Reilly, Bernard F. The Contest of Christian and Muslim Spain, 1031-1157. Blackwell Publishing. 1995. 
  • Humphrey, Patricia. Ermessenda of Barcelona: The Status of her Authority. Vann, Theresa M. (编). Queens, Regents and Potentates. Academia Press. 1993. 
拉蒙·贝伦格尔一世
出生于:1023年逝世於:1076年5月26日
統治者頭銜
前任者:
貝倫格爾·拉蒙一世
巴塞隆拿伯爵
1035年–1076年
母親卡爾卡松的埃爾梅辛迪英语Ermesinde of Carcassonne攝政,(1035年-1041年)
與第三任妻子拉馬爾什的阿爾莫迪斯英语Almodis de La Marche,(1052年-1071年)
繼任者:
拉蒙·貝倫格爾二世
貝倫格爾·拉蒙二世

Read other articles:

Ada usul agar artikel ini digabungkan dengan Gempa bumi Sulawesi 1968. (Diskusikan) Gempa Bumi Sulawesi Tengah 1968Waktu UTC??ISCUSGS-ANSSTanggal *14 Agustus 1968Tanggal setempatWaktu setempatKekuatan6.0 SRWilayah bencana IndonesiaKorban200 tewas* Usang Lihat dokumentasi. Gempa Bumi Sulawesi Tengah 1968 adalah rangkaian gempa yang terjadi di lepas pantai Tambu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia. Gempa ini terjadi pada 14 Agustus 1968. Gempa ini menewaskan sedikitny...

 

Francesca da Rimini e Paolo Malatesta appaiono a Dante e VirgilioAutoreAry Scheffer Data1835 TecnicaOlio su tela Dimensioni58,2×80,5 cm UbicazioneLondra, Wallace Collection Francesca da Rimini e Paolo Malatesta appaiono a Dante e Virgilio è il nome di sei dipinti del pittore olandese Ary Scheffer, realizzati tra il 1822 ed il 1855 tutti in olio su tela. I quadri mostrano una scena dell'Inferno, la prima cantica della Divina Commedia, in cui Dante e Virgilio osservano gli amanti ass...

 

Le Grand Hornu ist ein Ortsteil mit einem Denkmalensemble einer ehemaligen Industriesiedlung, acht Kilometer westsüdwestlich vom Stadtzentrum von Mons im Hennegau in Belgien. Es wurde zwischen 1820 und 1830 nach Plänen von Bruno Renard (1781–1861) für den Bergwerksbesitzer Henri de Gorge (1774–1832) erbaut. Blick von außen Richtung Innenhof Geschichte Von 1778 an wurde auf Grand-Hornu Kohle gefördert. 1810 erwarb Henri De Gorge (1774–1832) die Zeche von der Witwe des Gründers Char...

Bagian dari sebuah serial tentang IslamSufisme dan Tarekat Gagasan Abdal Ahwal Baqa Dzauq Fakir Fana Hakikat Ihsan Insan Kamil Karamah Kasyf Lataif Manzilah Makrifat Nafs Nur Iman Qutb Silsilah Salik Tazkiyatun-nafs Wali Praktik Zikir Hadrah Muraqabah Sama' Tarekat Islam Akbariyah Ba 'Alawiyah Chishti Haqqani Anjuman Idrisiyah Jahriyah Khalwatiyah Kubrawiyah Maulawiyah Muridiyah Naqsyabandiyah Ni'matullāhī Qadiriyah Qadiriyah-Naqsabandiyah Qudusiyah Rahmaniyah Rifa'iyah Safawiyah Samaniyah ...

 

Морган Уоллен вернулся на первое место с диском Dangerous: The Double Album и побил рекорд по количеству недель на первом месте в чарте, когда он провёл свою 51-ю неделю на первом месте в выпуске от 2 апреля[1]. Тейлор Свифт в начале года возглавляла чарт с альбомом Red (Taylor’s Version), пере...

 

Polish discus thrower Jadwiga WajsJadwiga Wajs in 1937Personal informationFull nameJadwiga Wajs-MarcinkiewiczBorn(1912-01-30)30 January 1912Pabianice, Russian EmpireDied1 February 1990(1990-02-01) (aged 78) Medal record Women's athletics Representing  Poland Olympic Games 1936 Berlin Discus throw 1932 Los Angeles Discus throw Women's World Games 1934 London Discus throw European Championships 1946 Oslo Discus throw Jadwiga Wajs-Marcinkiewicz (30 January 1912 in Pabianice, Russi...

2018 novel by Marieke Lucas Rijneveld The Discomfort of Evening First edition coverAuthorMarieke Lucas RijneveldOriginal titleDe avond is ongemakTranslatorMichele HutchisonCountryNetherlandsLanguageDutchSet inNetherlandsPublisherAtlas ContactPublication date31 January 2018Published in English5 March 2020Media typePrint (hardback and softback), e-book, audioPages271AwardsInternational Booker Prize (2020)ISBN978-90-254-4411-2 (First edition softback)LC ClassPT5882.28.I4...

 

1st Lancashire Artillery VolunteersLancashire & Cheshire RGA524th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Coast Rgt, RA420th (Lancashire & Cheshire) Coast Rgt, RA19th Century waistbelt of the Lancashire Volunteer ArtilleryActive1859–1956Country United KingdomBranch Volunteer Force/Territorial ArmyRoleCoastal artilleryPart ofMersey Fire CommandGarrison/HQLiverpoolNickname(s)'Brown's Corps'EngagementsWorld War IWorld War IIMilitary unit The 1st Lancashire Artillery Volunteers (1st LAV),...

 

Extinct genus of dinosaurs MussaurusTemporal range: Early Jurassic, Sinemurian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Fossil juvenile skeleton Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Clade: Dinosauria Clade: Saurischia Clade: †Sauropodomorpha Family: †MussauridaeBonaparte & Vince, 1979 Genus: †MussaurusBonaparte & Vince, 1979 Type species †Mussaurus patagonicusBonaparte & Vince, 1979 Mussaurus (meaning mouse lizard) is a genus of herbivorous...

Indian actor Ankur VikalBorn (1971-06-24) June 24, 1971 (age 52)Gujarat, IndiaNationalityIndianAlma materNational School of DramaOccupationActorYears active2002–present Ankur Vikal is an Indian theatre and film actor. Career He graduated from the National School of Drama (NSD), New Delhi in 2000, after studying Architecture at Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. He has acted with the Motley Theatre Group in plays such as Manto Ismat Haazir Hain, Safed Jhooth Kaali Shalwa...

 

Brit Award paraGrupo Britânico Brit Award para Grupo BritânicoVencedor de 2023: Wet Leg País  Reino Unido Primeira cerimónia 1977 Detentor atual Wet Leg (2023) Apresentação British Phonographic Industry (BPI) Maior número de prémios Coldplay (4) Maior número de nomeações Coldplay (9) Página oficial O Brit Award para Grupo Britânico (no original em inglês: Brit Award for British Group) é um prêmio concedido pela British Phonographic Industry (BPI), uma organização que re...

 

Mobile network operator by Ben Brahim Ashraf Taha Ooredoo AlgeriaIndustryTelecommunicationsFoundedAugust 24, 2004HeadquartersAlgiers, AlgeriaParentOoredooWebsitehttp://www.ooredoo.dz/ Ooredoo Algeria (formerly Nedjma) is a telecommunications company in Algeria. History Ooredoo Algeria’s operations began in 2004 as Nedjma, positioned as the first mobile operator in Algeria. In November 2013, Nedjma officially rebranded as Ooredoo Algeria.[1] Ooredoo Algeria introduced the first EDGE ...

1916 film by William Desmond Taylor Ben BlairTheatrical release posterDirected byWilliam Desmond TaylorScreenplay byJulia Crawford IversWilliam Otis LillibridgeStarringDustin FarnumWinifred KingstonHerbert StandingLamar JohnstoneVirginia FoltzFrank A. BonnProductioncompanyPallas PicturesDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date March 9, 1916 (1916-03-09) Running time50 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Ben Blair is a 1916 American drama silent film directed by Willi...

 

Japanese virtual YouTuber In this Japanese name, the surname is Hoshimachi.Hoshimachi SuiseiHoshimachi Suisei as designed by Teshima NariPersonal informationNationalityJapaneseOccupationVirtual YouTuberWebsitehololive.hololivepro.com/en/talents/hoshimachi-suisei/YouTube informationChannel Suisei Channel Created byHoshimachi Suisei (original character design)Teshima Nari (updated character design)Years active22 March 2018 – presentGenres Livestreaming Singing Gaming Subscribers1.92...

 

This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1981 Indian filmAgni DineshTheatrical release posterDirected byK. BapayyaBased onAgni Pooluby Yaddanapudi Sulochana RaniProduced byD. RamanaiduStarringKrishnam RajuJayasudhaJaya PradaCinematographyA. VenkatEdited byK. A. MarthandMusic byK. V. MahadevanProductioncompanySuresh ProductionsRelease date 12 March 1981 (1981-03-12) CountryIndiaLanguageT...

The Deco at The Old SavoyMain AuditoriumAddressAbington SquareNorthampton, NorthamptonshireCoordinates52°14′24″N 0°53′21″W / 52.239972°N 0.88904°W / 52.239972; -0.88904OwnerThe Old Savoy CICCapacity925 (Auditorium)400 (Doré suite)400 (Glen suite)Current useNational touring productionsConference and Function room hireMeeting roomsConstructionOpened1936 (The Savoy)Rebuilt2004 (The Deco) Listed Building – Grade IIOfficial nameCannon Cinema, NorthamptonDesig...

 

This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2015) Clan of the Zomi people Naulak is a clan of the Zomi people. Its ethnicity lives in Myanmar, India and others close to the border of Myanmar. Most of the clan of Naulak people are among Dim.[citation needed] The clan name 'naulak' originated from unaulak. They are Christians and use the ISO basic Latin alphabet a...

 

Korean drama production company Not to be confused with Story Television. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Story TV – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Story TVStory TV logoNative nameKorean nameHangul(주)스토리...

Shade of blue used by Yale University Yale Blue      Color coordinatesHex triplet#00356BsRGBB (r, g, b)(0, 53, 107)HSV (h, s, v)(210°, 100%, 42%)CIELChuv (L, C, h)(22, 45, 254°)SourceIdentity GuidelinesISCC–NBS descriptorDeep blueB: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) Yale Blue is the dark blue color used in association with Yale University. History The flag in this painting of the Yale 1859 crew team is believed to be the first documented Yale Blue, though the photograph is...

 

Apparel brand This article is about the apparel brand. For the television network, see STAR World. For other uses, see Star-world. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Starworld – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Starworld TypePrivateInd...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!