战马
澳大利亞士兵騎乘的戰馬
戰馬 是人類用於戰鬥的馬 。人類使用馬匹戰鬥已有超過5000年的歷史。騎馬作戰的最早證據可追溯至公元前4000年至前3000年的歐亞大陸。到了前1600年,經改進的馬具 及兩輪無篷馬車 設計使得兩輪無篷馬車在古代近東地區常用於戰事中。關於戰馬訓練指南的最早文獻可追溯至一份在約前1350年寫成的訓練兩輪無篷馬車馬匹的指南。當騎兵取代戰車後,新的訓練方法也出現。
在中國戰爭歷史當中,不少知名戰馬出現在史書上,而中國從春秋戰國以來非常仰賴外地輸入馬匹。拿宋代來說戰馬僅能依靠進口,出自北部遼國境內牧場。宋真宗 時期數量最多,不過二十萬匹。馬屬稀缺物,普通官宦人家、士大夫出行靠牛車、騎毛驢、乘轎子 。[1]
在21世紀仍有人使用馬匹戰鬥,例如在達爾富爾衝突 中襲擊平民的金戈威德 武裝分子。印度陸軍 現在仍有一個騎兵團。
參考文獻
Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-512491-X .
Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley. Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-512332-8 .
Azevedo, Mario Joaquim. Roots of Violence: A History of War in Chad . New York, NY: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 90-5699-583-9 .
Baker, Ira Osborn. A Treatise on Roads and Pavements 3rd. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1918. OCLC 1628818 .
Barber, Richard . The Reign of Chivalry 2nd. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. 2005. ISBN 1-84383-182-1 .
Barker, Juliet . The Tournament in England: 1100–1400. UK: The Boydell Press. 1986. ISBN 0-85115-942-7 .
Bennett, Deb. Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship 1st. Solvang, CA: Amigo Publications Inc. 1998. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6 .
Bennett, Matthew. Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare . Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2001. ISBN 0-8117-2610-X .
Bennett, Matthew; Bradbury, Jim; DeVries, Kelly; Dickie, Iain; Phyllis Jestice. Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World : Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics . New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2005. ISBN 0-312-34820-7 .
Bongard-Levin, G.M. Ancient Indian Civilization. New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann. 1985. OCLC 12667676 .
Bryant, Jennifer O. Olympic Equestrian: The Sports and the Stories from Stockholm to Sydney 1st. Canada: The Blood-Horse, Inc. 2000. ISBN 1-58150-044-0 .
Budiansky, Stephen. The Nature of Horses . New York:NY: Free Press. 1997. ISBN 0-684-82768-9 .
Bumke, Joachim, translated by Thomas Dunlap. Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages . Woodstock, NY: Overlook Duckworth. 2000. ISBN 1-58567-051-0 .
Carey, Brian Todd, Allfree, Joshua B and Cairns, John. Warfare in the Medieval World. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. 2006. ISBN 1-84415-339-8 .
Carver, Field Marshal Lord . The Seven Ages of the British Army. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson. 1984. ISBN 0-297-78373-4 .
Carver, Field Marshal Lord. Britain's Army in the 20th Century. London: Macmillan. 1998. ISBN 0-333-73777-6 .
Chamberlin, J. Edward. Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations . Bluebridge. 2006. ISBN 0-9742405-9-1 .
Clark, John. Introduction: Horses and Horsemen in Medieval London . Clark, John (编). The Medieval Horse and its Equipment: c.1150-c.1450. Contributions by Brian Spencer and D. james Rackam Rev. 2nd. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 2004 [2017-09-23 ] . ISBN 978-1-84383-097-9 . (原始内容存档 于2019-08-14).
Cocker, Mark. Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold:Europe's Conquest of Indigenous Peoples 1st American. New York, NY: Grove Press. 2000. ISBN 0-8021-3801-2 .
Crowell, Pers. Cavalcade of American Horses. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 1951. OCLC 1428574 .
Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (编). The other Euorope in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. . Kononklijke Brill N.Y. 2007: 319 [2017-09-23 ] . ISBN 978-90-0416389-8 . (原始内容存档 于2019-08-20).
Davies, Norman . God's Playground: A History of Poland: Volume II 1795 to the Present Revised. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-925340-4 .
Davis, R.H.C. The Medieval Warhorse . London: Thames and Hudson. 1989. ISBN 0-500-25102-9 .
Devereux, Frederick L. The Cavalry Manual of Horse Management Reprint of 1941. Cranbury, NJ: A. S. Barnes. 1979. ISBN 0-498-02371-0 .
Drower, Margaret S. Syria c. 1550–1400 BC. The Cambridge Ancient History: The Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1800–1380 BC Volume II Part I Third. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 417–525. 1973. ISBN 0-521-29823-7 .
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais. Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. ISBN 0-618-13386-0 .
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley and Candida Geddes (editors). The Complete Horse Book . North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square, Inc. 1987. ISBN 0-943955-00-9 .
Edwards, Elwyn Hartley. The Encyclopedia of the Horse 1st American. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. 1994. ISBN 1-56458-614-6 .
Edwards, Gladys Brown. The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse Revised Collectors. Covina, CA: Arabian Horse Association of Southern California, Rich Publishing. 1973. ISBN 0-938276-00-X . OCLC 1148763 .
Ellis, John. Cavalry: The History of Mounted Warfare. Pen & Sword Military Classics. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword. 2004. ISBN 1-84415-096-8 .
Ensminger, M. E. Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agriculture Series Sixth. Danville, IL: Interstate Publishers. 1990. ISBN 0-8134-2883-1 .
Equine Research, Inc. Equine Genetics & Selection Procedures. Grand Prairie, TX: Equine Research. 1978. OCLC 4750182 .
France, John. Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades 1000–1300 . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-8014-8607-6 .
Gies, Frances ; Gies, Joseph. Daily Life in Medieval Times 2nd. Hoo, UK: Grange Books. 2005. ISBN 1-84013-811-4 .
Goodrich, L. Carrington. A Short History of the Chinese People Third. New York: Harper Torchbooks. 1959. ISBN 0-04-951015-0 . OCLC 3388796 .
Gordon, Stewart. The Limited Adoption of European-style Military Forces by Eighteenth Century Rulers in India. Indian Economic Social History Review. 1998, 35 (35): 229. doi:10.1177/001946469803500301 .
Gravett, Christopher . English Medieval Knight 1300–1400. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1-84176-145-1 .
Gravett, Christopher. Tudor Knight . Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2006. ISBN 1-84176-970-3 .
Hale, J. R. War and society in Renaissance Europe, 1450–1620 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1986. ISBN 0-8018-3196-2 .
Hamblin, William James. Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History . New York, NY: Routledge. 2006. ISBN 0-415-25589-9 .
Haythornthwaite, Philip J. British Infantry of the Napoleonic Wars. London: Arms and Armour Press. 1987. ISBN 0-85368-890-7 .
Haythornthwaite, Philip J. The Colonial Wars Source Book. London: Arms and Armour Press. 1995. ISBN 1-85409-196-4 .
Hitti, Phillip K. Lebanon in History . London: MacMillan and Co. 1957. OCLC 185202493 .
Holmes, Richard (ed) . The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-866209-2 .
Hope, Lt. Col. C.E.G. The Horseman's Manual . New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1972. ISBN 0-684-13622-8 .
Hyland, Ann . Equus: The Horse in the Roman world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1990. ISBN 0-300-04770-3 .
Hyland, Ann. The Medieval Warhorse: From Byzantium to the Crusades. London: Grange Books. 1994. ISBN 1-85627-990-1 .
Hyland, Ann. The Warhorse 1250–1600 . UK: Sutton Publishing. 1998. ISBN 0-7509-0746-0 .
Jones, Kristine L. Warfare Reorganization and Readaptation at the Margins of Spanish Rule: The Southern Margin. The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Volume III South America Part 2. Cambridge University Press. 2000. OCLC 33359444 .
Keegan, John . A History of Warfare 1st. Vintage Books. 1994. ISBN 0-679-73082-6 .
Kinloch, Terry. Echoes of Gallipoli: In the Words of New Zealand's Mounted Riflemen. Auckland: Exisle Publishing. 2005. ISBN 0-908988-60-5 .
Krebs, Robert E. Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance: Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004. ISBN 0-313-32433-6 .
Kupper, J. R. Egypt: From the Death of Ammenemes III to Seqenenre II. The Cambridge Ancient History: The Middle East and the Aegean Region c. 1800–1380 BC Volume II Part I Third. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press: 42–76. 1973. ISBN 0-521-29823-7 .
Law, Robin. The horse in West African history : the role of the horse in the societies of pre-colonial West Africa. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 1980. ISBN 0-19-724206-5 .
Mitchell, Elyne . Light Horse: The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops. Melbourne: MacMillan. 1982. ISBN 0-7251-0389-2 .
Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. 1986. OCLC 48999277 .
Nicolle, David . Attila and the Nomad Hordes: Warfare on the Eurasian steppes 4th-12th centuries . London: Osprey. 1990. ISBN 0-85045-996-6 .
Nicolle, David. Companion to Medieval Arms and Armour. London: Boydell Press. 2002. ISBN 0-85115-872-2 .
Nicolle, David. Crusader Knight. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1996. ISBN 1-85532-934-4 .
Nicolle, David. Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and its Neighbors. Leicester: Brockhampton Press. 1998. ISBN 1-86019-861-9 .
Nicolle, David. Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare In Western Christendom. Dubai: Brockhampton Press. 1999. ISBN 1-86019-889-9 .
Nofi, Albert A. The Waterloo Campaign: June 1815. USA: De Capo Press. 1993. ISBN 0-938289-98-5 .
Oakeshott, Ewart . A Knight and His Horse. Chester Springs, PA: Dufour Editions. 1998. ISBN 0-8023-1297-7 .
Olmstead, A.T. History of Persian Empire . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1959. ISBN 0-226-62777-2 .
Parker, Geoffrey (ed) . Warfare: The Triumph of the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 0-521-79431-5 .
Pakenham, Thomas. The Boer War . New York: Random House. 1979. ISBN 0-394-42742-4 .
Partiger, F.E. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition Reprint. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1997. OCLC 247010245 .
Prestwich, Michael . Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience . New Haven: Yale University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-300-07663-0 .
Price, Steven D.; Don Burt. The American Quarter Horse: An Introduction to Selection, Care, and Enjoyment . Globe Pequot. 1998. ISBN 1-55821-643-X .
Pritchard, James B. The Ancient Near East. Volume 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1958. ISBN 0-691-03532-6 . OCLC 382004 .
Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra. Political History of Ancient India . New York: Oxford University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-19-564376-3 .
Robards, Brooks. The Medieval Knight at War. London: Tiger Books. 1997. ISBN 1-85501-919-1 .
Sadler, John . Border Fury: England and Scotland at War 1296–1568. UK: Pearson Education Ltd. 2005. ISBN 1-4058-4022-6 .
Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas . Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 1967. ISBN 81-208-0466-X . OCLC 248749546 .
Sinha, Ganesh Prasad. Post-Gupta Polity (A.D. 500-750): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. 1972. OCLC 695415 .
Trench, Charles Chenevix. A History of Horsemanship . London: Doubleday and Company. 1970. ISBN 0-385-03109-2 .
Tucker, Spencer; Priscilla Mary Roberts. Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004. ISBN 1-57607-999-6 .
Turnbull, Stephen R. War in Japan 1467–1615. Essential Histories. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1-84176-480-9 .
Urwin, Gregory J. W. The United States Cavalry: An Illustrated History . Poole, UK: Blandford Books. 1983. ISBN 0-7137-1219-8 .
Warry, John Gibson. Warfare in the Classical World . New York: Barnes & Noble. 2000. ISBN 0-7607-1696-X .
Willetts, R. F. The Minoans. Arthur Cotterell (编). The Penguin Encyclopedia of Ancient Civilizations. New York: Penguin Books. 1980. ISBN 0-14-011434-3 .
Willmott, H.P. First World War . Dorling Kindersley Limited. 2003. ISBN 1-4053-0029-9 .
Whitby, Michael. Rome at War 229-696 AD . Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2002. ISBN 1-84176-359-4 .
延伸閱讀
外部連接
^ 国晶. 宋朝游历指南.