幽靈蛛科

幽灵蛛科
家幽靈蛛
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲: 蛛形纲 Arachnida
目: 蜘蛛目 Araneae
亚目: 背突蛛亞目 Opisthothelae
下目: 新蛛亞目 Araneomorphae
总科: 幽灵蛛总科 Pholcoidea
科: 幽灵蛛科 Pholcidae
C. L. Koch, 1851[1]

詳見內文

幽靈蛛科學名Pholcidae),是蜘蛛目中的一個科,其下的物種通稱為幽靈蜘蛛,是家中常見的蜘蛛

特徵

幽靈蜘蛛體態纖細,腿部細長,所以在英語中又被稱為「長腿叔叔」(daddy longlegs)。外貌與盲蛛相似,外觀容易混淆。幽靈蜘蛛體型小、看似纖細,但這些特點卻有益於幽靈蜘蛛捕食獵物,甚至是同類。幽靈蜘蛛通常使用纖長的腿把獵物制住,確保獵物停留在攻擊範圍內。幽靈蜘蛛有一對毒牙,毒性並不強。當幽靈蜘蛛遇上危險,會以上下及左右的擺幅來避開攻擊。 較常見的幽靈蜘蛛大多利用腹部使力,上下搖動。 幽靈蜘蛛喜歡吃比自己大型的蜘蛛,牠們自然界的天敵有蜈蚣大蘭多毒蛛等。

分佈

幽靈蜘蛛算是世界上分佈十分廣泛的蜘蛛,從極北的堪察加半島到有世界屋脊之稱的青藏高原,最後到靠近南極的火地島均能找到牠的蹤跡,目前全世界只有南極州、冰島格陵蘭島和加拿大極北之地沒有幽靈蜘蛛的存在。

截至西元2015年11月,World Spider Catalog英语World Spider Catalog認可了以下的[1]

  • Aetana Huber, 2005
  • Anansus Huber, 2007
  • Anopsicus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1938
  • 熱帶蛛屬 Artema Walckenaer, 1837
  • Aucana Huber, 2000
  • Aymaria Huber, 2000
  • 贝尔蛛属 Belisana Thorell, 1898
  • Blancoa Huber, 2000
  • Buitinga Huber, 2003
  • Calapnita Simon, 1892
    • Calapnita bariengi Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bario Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bohoi Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita bugis Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita dayak Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita dinagat Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita lawangan Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita loksado Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita longa Yao & Li, 2013
    • Calapnita mae Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita magaseng Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita maragusan Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita nunezae Huber, 2017[2]
    • Calapnita saluang Huber, 2011
    • Calapnita vermiformis Simon, 1892
  • Canaima Huber, 2000
  • Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998
    • Carapoia abdita Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia agilis Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia alagoas Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia bispina Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia brescoviti Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947)
    • Carapoia capixaba Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia carvalhoi Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia carybei Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia crasto Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia dandarae Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia divisa Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia djavani Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia exigua Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000
    • Carapoia genitalis (Moenkhaus, 1898)
    • Carapoia gracilis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia jiboia Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia kaxinawa Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia levii (Huber, 2000)
    • Carapoia lutea (Keyserling, 1891)
    • Carapoia macacu Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia maculata Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia marceloi Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia mirim Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia munduruku Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia nairae Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000
    • Carapoia paraguaensis González-Sponga, 1998
    • Carapoia patafina Huber, 2016[3]
    • Carapoia pau Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia pulchra Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia rheimsae Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia rubra Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia saltinho Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia septentrionalis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia suassunai Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia tapajos Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia tenuis Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia ubatuba Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia una Huber, 2005
    • Carapoia utinga Huber, 2018
    • Carapoia viridis Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia voltavelha Huber, 2016
    • Carapoia zumbii Huber, 2016
  • Cenemus Saaristo, 2001
  • Chibchea Huber, 2000
  • Chichiriviche González-Sponga, 2011b
  • Chisosa Huber, 2000
  • Ciboneya Pérez, 2001
  • Codazziella González-Sponga, 2005
  • Coryssocnemis Simon, 1893
  • 壺蛛屬 Crossopriza Simon, 1893
  • Enetea Huber, 2000
  • Galapa Huber, 2000
  • Gertschiola Brignoli, 1981
  • Guaranita Huber, 2000
  • Holocneminus Berland, 1942
  • Holocnemus Simon, 1873
  • Hoplopholcus Kulczy?ski, 1908
  • Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão, 1944
  • Ixchela Huber, 2000
  • Kambiwa Huber, 2000
  • 呵叻蛛属 Khorata Huber, 2005
  • Leptopholcus Simon, 1893
  • Litoporus Simon, 1893
  • Mecolaesthus Simon, 1893
  • Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998
  • Metagonia Simon, 1893
  • Micromerys Bradley, 1877
  • Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen, 1987
  • Modisimus Simon, 1893
  • Nerudia Huber, 2000
  • Ninetis Simon, 1890
  • Nita Huber & El-Hennawy, 2007
  • Nyikoa Huber, 2007
  • Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera, 2005
  • Otavaloa Huber, 2000
  • Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman, 1983
  • Papiamenta Huber, 2000
  • Paramicromerys Millot, 1946
  • Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten, 2001
  • Pholcophora Banks, 1896
  • 幽靈蛛屬 Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805
  • Physocyclus Simon, 1893
  • Pisaboa Huber, 2000
  • Platnicknia Özdikmen & Demir, 2009
  • Pomboa Huber, 2000
  • Priscula Simon, 1893
  • Psilochorus Simon, 1893
  • Quamtana Huber, 2003
  • Queliceria González-Sponga, 2003
  • Savarna Huber, 2005
  • Sihala Huber, 2011
  • Smeringopina Kraus, 1957
  • 怒蛛屬 Smeringopus Simon, 1890
  • 六眼幽靈蛛屬 Spermophora Hentz, 1841
  • Spermophorides Wunderlich, 1992
  • Stenosfemuraia González-Sponga, 1998
  • Stygopholcus Absolon & Kratochvíl, 1932
  • Systenita Simon, 1893
  • Tainonia Huber, 2000
  • Tangguoa Yao & Li, 2021
  • Teuia Huber, 2000
  • Tibetia Zhang, Zhu & Song, 2006
  • Tolteca Huber, 2000
  • Trichocyclus Simon, 1908
  • Tupigea Huber, 2000
  • Uthina Simon, 1893
  • Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin, 2005
  • Waunana Huber, 2000
    • Waunana anchicaya Huber, 2000
    • Waunana eberhardi Huber, 2000
    • Waunana modesta (Banks, 1929)
    • Waunana tulcan Huber, 2000
  • Wugigarra Huber, 2001
  • Zatavua Huber, 2003

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Family: Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 (genus list), World Spider Catalog (Natural History Museum Bern), [2015-11-10], (原始内容存档于2016-03-04) 
  2. ^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Huber, Bernhard A. 2017. Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Southeast Asian Leaf-Dwelling Spider Genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae). Zootaxa. 4219(1); 1–63. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4219.1.1
  3. ^ Bernhard A. Huber. 2016. Spider Diversity and Endemism in A South American Hotspot: 20 New Species of Carapoia (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Brazil’s Atlantic Forest. Zootaxa. 4177(1); 1-69. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4177.1.1
  • Pinto-da-Rocha, R., Machado, G. & Giribet, G (eds.) (2007) Harvestmen – The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-02343-9

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