平坦模

抽象代數中,一個 上的平坦模是一個 - ,使得函子 保持序列的正合性;若此函子還是忠實函子,則稱之為忠實平坦模

上的向量空間都是平坦模。自由模或更一般的射影模也是平坦模。对于一个局部諾特環上的有限生成模,平坦性、射影性與自由性三者等價。

塞爾的論文《代數幾何與微分幾何》以降,平坦性便在同調代數代數幾何中扮演重要角色。其幾何意義甚深,詳見條目平坦態射

交換環的情形

為交換環,一個 -模的平坦性等價於 是個從 -模到-模之正合函子

將環 對一個積性子集 局部化 視作 -模,則它是平坦的。

諾特環 是有限生成 -模時,平坦性在下述意義等價於局部自由模 是平坦 -模若且唯若對任何素理想 ,局部化 是自由 -模。事實上,對條件中的 僅須考慮極大理想即可。

一般的環

非交換時的定義須作如下修改:假設 是左 -模,則稱之左平坦模,若且唯若對 的張量積將右 -模的正合序列映至阿貝爾群的正合序列。

環上的張量積總是右正合函子,所以左 -模 是平坦模的充要條件是:對任何右 -模的單射 ,取張量積後的同態 仍為單射。

極限

一般來說,平坦模的歸納極限仍是平坦模;此陳述可由 的伴隨性質形式地推出。平坦模的子模與商模不一定是平坦模,然而我們有下述定理:一個平坦模的同態像是平坦模,若且唯若其核為純子模

Lazard 在1969年證明了:模 平坦的充要條件是它可表成有限生成自由模的歸納極限。由此可知有限展示的平坦模都是射影模。

一個阿貝爾群是平坦 -模的充要條件是其中沒有撓元。

同調代數

與Tor函子的關係

平坦性也可以用Tor函子的消沒性表示。Tor函子是張量積的左導函子。一個左 -模 的平坦性等價於 ;類此,一個右 -模 的平坦性等價於 。藉Tor函子的長正合序列可以導出下列關於基本性質:

考慮短正合序列

  • 平坦,則 亦然。
  • 平坦,則 亦然。
  • 平坦, 不一定平坦;若假設 純子模 平坦,則可推出 皆平坦。

局部判準

為交換環, 為一理想,則我們有下述平坦性的局部判準

定理(Bourbaki). 以下諸條件等價:

  1. 是平坦 -模。
  2. 是平坦 -模,且
  3. 是平坦 -模,且典範同態 為同構。
  4. 對所有 -模 ,有
  5. 對所有 -模 ,有
  6. 對所有 是平坦 -模。
  7. 是平坦 -模,且典範態射 為同構。

此判準在代數幾何中的用途尤大。

平坦分解

一個模 平坦分解是如下形式的正合序列:

使得其中每個 都是平坦模。

任何射影分解都是平坦分解。

忠實平坦模

一個 -模 被稱作忠實平坦的,若且唯若 是個忠實的正合函子。這也就是說:

  1. 是個平坦 -模。
  2. 典範映射 是單射。

為交換環時,有以下幾種等價的刻劃:

  • 是忠實平坦的。
  • 是平坦的,且
  • 是平坦的,且對所有極大理想 都有
  • 一個序列 正合,若且唯若 正合。

文獻

  • Multilinear Algebra, Northcott D.G, 1984, Cambridge University Press - page 33
  • Eisenbud, David. Commutative algebra with a view toward algebraic geometry. Graduate Texts in Mathematics 150. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1995: xvi+785. ISBN 978-0-387-94268-1. 

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