希伯來文學

希伯來文學(Hebrew literature)包括了古代、中古以及現代使用希伯来语的文學作品。希伯來文學是猶太文學的主要形式之一,不過也有一些希伯來文學作品是由非猶太人英语non-Jews所寫[1]。中古時期及近代的希伯來文學出現在許多地區,而現代的希伯來文學主要是以色列文學英语Israeli literature萨缪尔·约瑟夫·阿格农在1966年以混合了聖經文學、塔木德文學及現代希伯来语的小說及短篇故事獲得了诺贝尔文学奖,他也是第一位獲得诺贝尔文学奖的希伯來語作者。

古代

希伯來文學開始於圣经的希伯来文英语Leshon Hakodeshלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ‎,罗马化:Leshon HaQodesh)的口头文学,從非常早期就開始了,其中也包括亞伯拉罕教導,亞伯拉罕是以色列先祖英语Patriarchs (Bible)中的第一位,約在公元前2000年[2]。古希伯來文學中最重要的就是塔納赫希伯來聖經的猶太教正統版本)。

米書拿成書在公元前200年,是從妥拉摩西五經)衍伸,猶太教經典之一,將猶太教口傳傳統口傳妥拉(Oral Torah)書面化後集結而成。是以米書拿猶太語英语Mishnaic Hebrew寫成,但主要的解釋革馬拉是以亞拉姆語所寫。許多經典的米書拿是用希伯来文所寫的。

中古時期

中古時期的猶太文學及希伯來文學主要是來自北非、西班牙、巴勒斯坦以及中東地區。許多中古的哲學作品(例如哲學家邁蒙尼德的《迷途指津英语Guide to the Perplexed》)及虛構作品是用猶太-阿拉伯語所寫。而猶太教的拉比文學英语rabbinic literature則會使用希伯來文,例如阿伯拉罕·伊本·埃茲拉辣什等人所著的《妥拉註釋英语Torah commentaries》,哈拉卡(猶太教口傳律法)法典編纂,像是邁蒙尼德的《Mishneh Torah英语Mishneh Torah》,以及《Arba'ah Turim英语Arba'ah Turim》及《Shulchan Aruch英语Shulchan Aruch》等法典編纂。也有一些虛構作品用希伯來文所寫,像是Berechiah ha-Nakdan英语Berechiah ha-Nakdan所著,類似伊索寓言的Fox Fables。

參考資料

  1. ^ Modern Palestinian literature and culture, by Ami Elad, 37ff
  2. ^ Shea 2000,第248頁.

參考書目

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