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基本藥物

2017年是世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單首次公佈後的第40週年

根據世界衛生組織(WHO)的定義,基本藥物(英語:essential medicines)是"能夠滿足人們的優先醫療衛生需求"的藥物[1]。這些藥物在人们必需时應可獲得充足供應,價格應設定在一般人可承受的水準。[2]

自1977年以來,WHO開始公佈基本藥物標準清單,在2019年針對成年患者的清單,包含400多種藥物(請參考世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單[3]。自2007年以來,WHO也公佈有針對兒童患者的另一種藥物清單[4]。WHO的成人和兒童清單內都包含有某些特定藥物,用"補充"來作標示,因此,實質上的清單是有兩份,即"核心清單"以及"補充清單"。需要優先處理狀況的“核心清單”,列出的是基本醫療系統中最低標準藥物的需求清單,列出的是最有效、最安全、和成本效益最高的藥物,以處理需要治療的身體狀況。而對需要優先處理的選擇,是根據當前和未來與公共衛生的相關性、以及安全、和成本效益潛力而做出。“補充清單”列出的是針對需要優先處理疾病所做的診斷或監測,所需要的基本藥物。藥品在某些情況下,由於成本較高或成本效益不顯著,而發生疑問的時候,也可能被轉列為補充藥物。

這份清單很重要,因為它構成已開發國家發展中國家中,加總超過155個國家的基本藥物政策英语Essential medicines policies基礎。許多政府在做出國家衛生支出的決定時,會把WHO的建議列入參考。WHO鼓勵各國把當地特有優先事項列入考慮,再編寫自己的清單。已有150多個國家發布自己的官方基本藥物清單。[5]

理論與實務

基本藥物的定義隨著時間演化而有改變。

WHO在1977年的最初定義是"對於人口整體的醫療衛生需求,所需至為重要的、基本的、不可或少的、和必備的藥物"。[6]這個概念在1978年《阿拉木圖宣言》關於基本醫療衛生英语Primary Health Care的十點之中被提出。

在2002年,定義則更改為:

基本藥物是那些能滿足人們優先醫療衛生需求的藥物。[7]

截至2019年,這個定義並未再被改變。[1]

選擇

藥物得以被選擇作為基本藥物的原因,是根據要治療疾病的普遍程度、效益證據、副作用程度、以及與做其他選擇而發生成本間的比較,才能決定。[8]

成本效益比率

成本效益是生產者(藥廠)和購買者(國家醫療衛生機構)之間爭論的話題。根據估計,全球每年因為能夠取得基本藥物,可拯救的人命有1,000萬人。[9]

歷史

自1977年以來,WHO每兩年會對基本藥物標準清單更新一次。第21版是在2019年4月發布。[10]

兒童版藥物清單

世界卫生组织儿童基本药物标准清单》第1版在2007年發布,而第7版於2019年發布[5][4][10]。建立這份清單的目的是為確保能夠有系統地把兒童的需求列入考慮(例如備有適當的配方)[5]。第1版包含有200種不同藥物,有450種配方[5]。第7版則包含有393種藥物。

藥物清單內數目

藥物的數目,從1977年開始的208種,增加到2019年的460種,數量超過一倍[11]。這些年來範圍不斷擴大,到2019年,已包括有抗偏頭痛藥英语Antimigraine drug解毒劑、和化學療法藥物。

社會與文化

獲得基本藥物是聯合國可持續發展目標,特別是目標中的3.8(確保健康及促進各年齡層的福祉#實現醫療保健涵蓋全球(Universal Health Coverage(UHC)目標)的一部分。[12]

有幾個規模遍及全球的組織使用WHO的列表,來決定他們將提供藥物的種類。[5]

基本药物列表

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Essential medicines. World Health Organization (WHO). [20 January 2017]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-28). 
  2. ^ The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines (ss 4.2). Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal. WHO Technical Report Series. World Health Organization (WHO): 132. 2003 [2017-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-03).  |number=被忽略 (帮助)
  3. ^ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. 2019. hdl:10665/325771. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019. 2019. hdl:10665/325772. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Seyberth, Hannsjörg W.; Rane, Anders; Schwab, Matthias. Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology. Springer Science & Business Media. 2011: 358 [2020-10-15]. ISBN 9783642201950. (原始内容存档于2023-01-11). 
  6. ^ Action programme on essential drugs: progress report by the Director-General. 2019. hdl:10665/153132. 
  7. ^ Trade, foreign policy, diplomacy and health. Essential Medicines. World Health Organization (WHO). Dec 6, 2010 [2020-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-25). 
  8. ^ Kalle, H. Essential Medicines for Children. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9 February 2017, 101 (6): 718–720. PMID 28182281. S2CID 23873145. doi:10.1002/cpt.661. 
  9. ^ Zacher, M.; Keefe, Tania J. The Politics of Global Health Governance: United by Contagion. Springer. 2008: 107 [2020-10-15]. ISBN 9780230611955. (原始内容存档于2023-10-20). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 World Health Organization. Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325773可免费查阅. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 
  11. ^ History Repeats with the Release of the 2019 WHO Essential Medicines List. 2 August 2010 [2020-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-21). 
  12. ^ Wirtz VJ, Hogerzeil HV, Gray AL, Bigdeli M, de Joncheere CP, Ewen MA, et al. Essential medicines for universal health coverage.. Lancet. 28 January 2017, 389 (10067): 403–476. PMC 7159295可免费查阅. PMID 27832874. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31599-9. 

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