喬治·華盛頓·卡弗

喬治·華盛頓·卡弗
George Washington Carver
1910年的卡弗
出生1864年7月12日
 美国密蘇里州戴蒙
逝世1943年1月5日(1943歲—01—05)（78歲）
 美国阿拉巴馬州塔斯基吉
信仰基督教[1]
奖项斯平加恩奖章 （1923）
喬治·華盛頓·卡弗

喬治·華盛頓·卡弗（George Washington Carver，1864年7月12日—1943年1月5日）是美國教育家、農業化學家、植物學家，第一個進入愛荷華州立大學並取得農業碩士學位的黑人。

早年

大约1864年出生於密蘇里州的鑽石叢鎮（Diamond Grove），雙親是黑奴[2]；當他還是嬰兒時，父親被殺身亡。卡弗的母親及小孩們均遭匪徒綁架，主人摩西·卡弗（Moses Carver）以一匹值美金300元的馬換回病重的喬治·華盛頓·卡弗。在宣告解放黑奴後，他在主人家又住了數年，並承襲了主人的姓。

教育

他自心思敏锐，展现对植物过人的直觉知识。他十岁离开主人卡弗家，到密蘇里州尼歐肖（Neosho）的一所政府为黑人设计的初级学校「林肯」讀書。由於勤奮向學，加上恩主傾力支持，始得以繼續接受教育。十三岁时阿肯色州的斯科特堡申请初中。1885年，他自肯薩斯州明尼亞波利市的高中畢業，卡弗一心要上大學，但是那時代沒有黑人上大學，他曾經偽裝白人的姓名申請，雖然他的學歷符合高地大學（Highland University）的要求，但因是黑人，學校拒絕了他入學。有一次在愛荷華州溫特塞（Winterset）城的一個教會上初遇了繆霍兰（Milholand）博士。當他知道卡弗的困難時，就大力推薦卡弗進入宣信大學（Simpson University）就讀，此時他已經30歲了。卡弗把握機會努力讀書，又在老師巴布的推薦下於1890年進入愛荷華州印地安諾拉（Indianola, Iowa）的辛普森學院（Simpson College）就讀。藝術教授見其在植物方面的才華，鼓勵他轉至州立農業學院就讀。他於1894年獲得學后士學位。受僱於亞米斯實驗站（Ames Experiment Station），擔任著名的植物學家與菌學家路易斯·潘梅爾（Louis Pammell）的助理。他於1896年獲得碩士學位後，受布克·華盛頓邀请，前往阿拉巴馬州塔斯提吉學院（Tuskegee Institute），主持新設立的農業系。

發明與貢獻

他從事農業研究，著有成效，對社會貢獻至鉅。他從地瓜與花生提煉出三百餘種副產品，包括塑膠、染料、醫藥、麵粉、奶粉、木料塗漆及肥料。他對土壤使用與植物病蟲害的精深研究，促進了美國南方的經濟革新。他的實驗室研究結果與產品聞名全球。他創先安排一天讓小農夫到塔斯提吉學院學習使土壤肥沃的方法；顧及有些人無法到學校，卡弗首創「車上學校」。這種學院下鄉的作法，後來廣被美國農業部與其他國家所採用。

在引用以该人命名的植物學名時，命名人的標準縮寫是Carver。[3]

專論

1898年卡弗的第一個出版品，是一張稱為〔餵家畜吃橡實〕（Feeding Acorns to Livestock）的單張，其後又陸續出版了共44篇專論。[4]

名譽

1923年獲頒斯平加恩奖章（Spingarn Medal）；1939年獲頒羅斯福獎（the Roosevelt Medal）；1942年獲頒愛迪生基金會獎（the Thomas Edison Foundation Award）；1916年被選為英國皇家學院獎（The British Royal Society of Arts）；1973年被選列入〔美國偉人名錄〕（The Hall of Fame for Great Americans）。1940年，卡弗捐獻畢生積蓄，成立卡弗研究基金會（The Carver Research Foundation）。喬治·華盛頓·卡弗國家紀念館（George Washington Carver National Monument）[5]座落於摩西·卡弗的農莊裡。1943年某日他從樓梯滾落下意識不明，被女僕發現，送進了醫院，然而數日後1月5日去世。國會特定每年1月5日為卡弗紀念日。

紀念

卡弗紀念郵票 1998

註釋

  1. ^ Israel, Charlene. George Washington Carver: Master Inventor, Artist. CBN News. Christian Broadcasting Network. 15 February 2011 [3 November 2013]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-13）. 
  2. ^ Pages 9-10 of George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol by Linda McMurry, 1982. New York: Oxford University Press (ISBN 978-0-19-503205-5)
  3. ^  Carver. International Plant Names Index. 
  4. ^ List of Bulletins by George Washington Carver 存档副本. [2006-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2006-08-30）. 
  5. ^ 喬治·華盛頓·卡弗國家紀念館. [2007-01-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-13）. 

參考文獻

  • 琳达.麦克默里.爱德华兹（Linda McMurry Edwards）著: George Washington Carver. The life of a great American agriculturist. PowerPlus Books, New York 2004, ISBN 978-0-8239-6633-2
  • 勞倫斯.艾略特（Lawrence Elliott）著: George W. Carver und sein Werk. Aussaat-Verlag, Neukirchen-Vluyn 1995, ISBN 978-3-7615-5100-4

外部連結

本條目的朗讀版本（信息／下载）
有聲維基百科
此音频文件是根據條目“喬治·華盛頓·卡弗”2016年3月12日的修訂版本录制的，以粵語朗讀，不會反映對該條目的後續編輯。（媒體幫助）

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