喀麥隆英語區危機

喀麥隆英語區危機
喀麥隆英語區議題（英语：Anglophone problem）的一部分

    無爭議的喀麥隆領土
    安巴佐尼亞宣稱的領土
日期2017年9月9日至今[2]
地点
 喀麦隆西北區與西南區（南喀麥隆）
（有時擴散至濱海區與西部区)[3]
状态 進行中
参战方
 喀麦隆
支持:
 奈及利亞[1]		 安巴佐尼亚
指挥官与领导者
保罗·比亚
菲勒蒙·扬
約瑟·吳特（英语：Joseph Ngute）
勒内·克罗德·梅卡（英语：René Claude Meka）
瓦莱儿·恩卡（英语：Valere Nka）		 朱利葉斯·西西庫·阿尤克·塔布（英语：Sisiku Julius Ayuk Tabe）
Samuel Ikome Sako（英语：Samuel Ikome Sako）
艾巴·趙·盧卡斯（英语：Ayaba Cho Lucas）
埃比尼澤·阿克旺加（英语：Ebenezer Akwanga）
参战单位
喀麥隆武裝部隊（英语：Cameroon Armed Forces）
民間武裝力量[4]
地方部落武裝[5]		 安巴佐尼亞防衛部隊（英语：Ambazonia Defence Forces）
南喀麥隆防衛部隊（英语：Southern Cameroons Defence Forces）
安巴佐尼亞自衛議會（英语：Ambazonia Self-Defence Council）
其他团体（英语：List of Ambazonian militant groups）
兵力
12,500名士兵、9,000名民兵[6] 2,000至4,000人
（截至2019年5月）[7]
伤亡与损失
800至1,000人死亡
（截至2020年2月）[8]		 約1,000人死亡
（截至2019年6月）[9]
超過4,000名平民死亡
超過70萬人流離失所
63,800名難民逃至奈及利亞
（截至2021年3月）[10]

喀麥隆英語區危機（英語：Anglophone Crisis，法語：Crise anglophone），又稱安巴佐尼亞戰爭[11]或喀麥隆內戰[12]，是南喀麥隆英語區議題（英语：Anglophone problem）造成的武裝衝突[13]，2016年－2017年喀麦隆抗议後，主要講英語的南喀麥隆地區（西北區與西南區）武裝分子向喀麥隆軍隊發動攻擊，並宣布安巴佐尼亞恢復獨立，2017年底喀麥隆政府向分離主義者宣戰，派兵進入英語區[14]。

衝突在一年內散播到喀麥隆英語區全境，至2019年中，政府軍控制主要城市與部分鄉村，叛軍則控制部分鄉村，且有時在城市發動攻擊[7]。2019年雙方一度展開談判（英语：Major National Dialogue）[15]，並計劃給予英語區自治權[16]，但衝突仍持續擴大，2020年喀麥隆議會選舉（英语：2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election）期間政府向衝突地區增兵也再次激化了衝突，COVID-19疫情爆發後有一股叛軍單方面宣布為防疫而停火，但其他叛軍與政府軍仍持續交戰[17]。2021年1月叛軍試圖阻止英語區城市林貝舉辦非洲國家錦標賽（英语：2020 African Nations Championship），認為此舉侵犯了安巴佐尼亞的主權[18]。截至2021年3月，衝突已造成超過4000人死亡，並造成超過70萬人流離失所[10]。

2019年中起宣布獨立的安巴佐尼亞政權分裂成兩派（英语：2019 Ambazonian leadership crisis），使局勢更形複雜[19]，同年一些自奈及利亞引渡回國的分離主義分子（安巴佐尼亞第一任總統朱利葉斯·西西庫·阿尤克·塔布（英语：Julius Sisiku Ayuk Tabe）等人）被判死刑，但在國際壓力下喀麥隆政府在獄中與他們對話[20] 。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Kindzeka, Moki. Cameroon, Nigeria Announce Effort to Jointly Fight Separatists. Voice of America. August 27, 2021 [December 17, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-14）. 
  2. ^ Explosions in Bamenda and Killings in Besongabang Military Base, ADF Claims Responsibility. Daily News Cameroon. 2017-09-14 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-23）. 
  3. ^ Cameroon:Anglophone crisis has spilled over Francophone zones-SDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Journal du Cameroun, 31 December 2018. Accessed 31 December 2018.
  4. ^ Cameroon sees more vigilante groups against insecurity in Anglophone regions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, XinhuaNet, 15 October 2019. Accessed 15 October 2019.
  5. ^ Cameroon Chiefs Create Militias for Protection from Separatists. Voice of America. 2020-10-19 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）. 
  6. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies. (2014). Chapter Ten: Country comparisons – commitments, force levels and economics. The Military Balance, 114(1), 471–492. doi:10.1080/04597222.2014.871887
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Cameroon’s Anglophone Crisis: How to Get to Talks?. Crisis Group. 2019-05-02 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-24）. 
  8. ^ Briefing: Cameroon's intensifying conflict and what it means for civilians. The New Humanitarian. 2020-02-06 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-16）. 
  9. ^ Cameroon-unfolding catastrophe’ evidence of human rights violations and crimes against humanity. Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Africa (CHRDA). 2019-06-03 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-05）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Violence in Cameroon’s Anglophone crisis takes high civilian toll. Al Jazeera. 2021-04-01 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-07）. 
  11. ^ ‘Ambazonia War’ drowns SDF 28th Anniversary. Journal du Cameroun. 2018-05-28 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-25）. 
  12. ^ Cameroon on Brink of Civil War as English Speakers Recount ‘Unbearable’ Horrors. The New York Times. 2018-10-06 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-11）. 
  13. ^ Cameroon's Anglophone crisis is threatening to spin out of control. Quartz Africa. 14 January 2018 [22 April 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-31）. 
  14. ^ Deadly clashes between troops, ADF forces leave Nguti on the brink. Journal du Cameroun. 13 March 2018 [22 April 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-21）. 
  15. ^ Cameroon: Ambazonia leaders endorse Swiss-led dialogue to solve Anglophone crisis. Journal du Cameroun. 2019-06-28 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-29）. 
  16. ^ Cameroon grants special status to Anglophone regions. Reuters. 2019-12-20 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）. 
  17. ^ Cameroon's Separatists Relaunch Attacks to Reject State Reconstruction Plan. Voice of America. 2020-04-09 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）. 
  18. ^ Separatist Leaders Welcome Biya’s Military Option, Say They Are Ready. Cameroon News Agency. 2021-01-04 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-04）. 
  19. ^ Cameroon holds first peace talks with main separatist insurgents. Reuters. 2020-07-04 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-30）. 
  20. ^ Cameroon: Government is secretly negotiating with the Ambazonians. The Africa Report. 2020-07-06 [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）. 

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