Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

刀 (日本刀)

日語寫法
日語原文
假名かたな
平文式罗马字Katana

(日语:刀/かたな,英語:Katana)是一种传统工艺打造的日本刀[1][2]由日本古代的使用。[3]其刀身是弯的,单刃,护手为圆形或者方形,刀柄较长,可双手使用。

词源与借词

日本江户时代的木刻画(1735年制造),一名携带着太刀胁差的侍。

かたな”一词最早出现于日语是在720年出版的日本书纪。这个概念是かた(“单侧的”)和(“刃”)两者的组合,[4][5][6] 相对于双侧的剑(剣/つるぎ)。

刀属于日本刀家族,特点是刀刃长度(長さ)大于2尺,约60 cm(24英寸)。[7]

在西方世界冷兵器爱好者中间,刀也可能被称为だい或だいとう,即使だいとう字面意义指“大刀”,是任何日本长刀的通称。[8]

汉字“刀”原本指任何长度的单侧利刃,现已被葡萄牙语借用[9]在葡萄牙语中,这个词(拼写为catana)意为“大刀”或开山刀[9]

简介

刀茎及上面的签名,出自一柄江户时代的刀

刀通常定义为标准尺寸、曲率适中(相对于曲率较大的旧太刀)的日本,刃长大于60.6 cm(相当于2日本尺)。[10]它的外观特征显著:弯曲修长的单侧刀锋,圆形或方形截面的刀鞘,长长的刀柄足够双手握住。[10]

除少数例外,刀和太刀很容易通过刀上的签名(如果有)区分。一般地,签名要刻在佩戴时刀茎向外的一侧。由于太刀佩戴时刀刃向下,而刀佩戴时刀刃向上,刀茎上的签名位置应当相反。[11]

西方史学家说在世界军事史上刀是最佳的切削武器之一。[12][13]然而15世纪战国时代战场上的主要武器是和弓日本枪英语Yari铁炮,刀和太刀仅用于近战。在此时期,战术变为足轻大规模集体作战,故薙刀和太刀归于无用,被枪和刀取代。[14][15][16]在相对和平的江户时代,刀作为武器的重要性大增,到江户时代结束时,志士群体将刀用作主要武器打赢过众多战役。整个历史中,刀和太刀常用作大名和武士之间的礼物、神社中供奉的以及武士的权威与精神。[15][17][16][14]

历史

日本煅刀历史可大概划分为以下几个节点:[18]

  • 上古刀(约到公元900年前后)
  • 古刀 (公元900年 - 1596年)
  • 新刀(1596年 - 1780年)
  • 新新刀 (1781年 - 1876年)
  • 现代刀(1876年 - 1945年)[19]
  • 新作刀(1953年 - )[20]

史料记载中,人们第一次使用“刀”(那时为gatana)来描述一种与太刀不同的长刀是早在鎌倉時代(1185年 - 1333年)期间。[10]这些当时被称为“打刀”(uchigatana)和“tsubagatana”的刀似乎是在指代一种不同的刀,可能是一种给低阶士兵使用的廉价刀。元日战争进一步改进了日本刀的设计。在战争中,日本士兵发现自己手头上薄薄的太刀直刀英语Chokuto无法刺破蒙古士兵煮制的皮甲,刀身也时常碎裂甚至整个断掉。[21]太刀向刀的转化大约是在室町时代进行的。大约在1400年前后,人们开始制造那些铭文有“Katana”的长刀。这一点是为了和佩戴太刀的侍相呼应——一般来说,在随身携带日本刀时,都会将铭朝下佩戴。太刀如果按照刀的佩戴方法佩戴,那么刀刃就会朝上了。刀匠英语Japanese swordsmithing在相反方向刻铭,可能暗示着那时的一些侍用了不同的佩刀方法。[22][23]

江户时代的一把刀的刀刃

參見

参考资料

  1. ^ Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani. The Development of Controversies: From the Early Modern Period to Online Discussion Forums. Peter Lang. 2008: 150 [2017-05-27]. ISBN 978-3-03911-711-6. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07). 
  2. ^ Evans Lansing Smith; Nathan Robert Brown. The Complete Idiot's Guide to World Mythology. Alpha Books. 2008: 144 [2017-05-27]. ISBN 978-1-59257-764-4. (原始内容存档于2019-01-07). 
  3. ^ Kokan Nagayama; trans. Kenji Mishina. The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International Ltd. 1997. ISBN 4-7700-2071-6. 
  4. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 刀katana entry available online here页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  6. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, ISBN 4-09-501211-0, 刀katana entry available online here页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ How Long Is a Katana?. Medieval Swords World. 2019-08-03 [2019-09-09]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-03) (美国英语). 
  8. ^ Sun-Jin Kim. Tuttle Dictionary Martial Arts Korea, China & Japan. Tuttle Publishing. 1996: 61 [2022-03-22]. ISBN 978-0-8048-2016-5. (原始内容存档于2022-04-22). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado; Anthony X. Soares. Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages: From the Portuguese Original of Monsignor Sebastiao Rodolfo Dalgado. South Asia Books. 1988: 520. ISBN 978-81-206-0413-1. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Kanzan Sato. The Japanese Sword: A Comprehensive Guide (Japanese arts Library). Japan: Kodansha International. 1983: 220. ISBN 978-0-87011-562-2. 
  11. ^ 土子民夫. 日本刀21世紀への挑戦. Kodansha International. May 2002: 30 [2022-03-27]. ISBN 978-4-7700-2854-9. (原始内容存档于2022-03-27). 
  12. ^ Roger Ford. Weapon: A Visual History of Arms and Armor. DK Publishing. 2006: 66, 120. ISBN 9780756622107. 
  13. ^ Anthony J. Bryant and Angus McBride (1994) Samurai 1550–1600. Osprey Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 1855323451
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Kazuhiko Inada (2020), Encyclopedia of the Japanese Swords. p42. ISBN 978-4651200408
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 歴史人 September 2020. pp.40-43.
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 引用错误:没有为名为toukenssw的参考文献提供内容
  17. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为toukenm的参考文献提供内容
  18. ^ 日本刀的鄙视链:收藏军刀的都是“人傻钱多”_新闻_腾讯网. news.qq.com. [2017-10-02]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-03) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  19. ^ Clive Sinclaire. Samurai: The Weapons and Spirit of the Japanese Warrior. Lyons Press. 1 November 2004: 40–58 [2017-10-02]. ISBN 978-1-59228-720-8. (原始内容存档于2016-05-14). 
  20. ^ トム岸田. 靖国刀. Kodansha International. 24 September 2004: 42 [2017-10-02]. ISBN 978-4-7700-2754-2. (原始内容存档于2020-10-22). 
  21. ^ Satō, Kanzan. Kodansha International. 1983. Page 104
  22. ^ Stephen Turnbull. Katana: The Samurai Sword. Osprey Publishing. 8 February 2011: 22– [2017-10-11]. ISBN 978-1-84908-658-5. (原始内容存档于2014-07-23). 
  23. ^ Kōkan Nagayama. The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords. Kodansha International. 1997: 28 [2017-10-11]. ISBN 978-4-7700-2071-0. (原始内容存档于2020-05-15). 

Read other articles:

El equipo de la campaña electoral del presidente Obama obtuvo un récord de captación de fondos en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos del 2008 basándose en grassroots fundraising. La captación de fondos[1]​ es un proceso para conseguir fondos, mediante la solicitud de donaciones de particulares, empresas, fundaciones benéficas, o agencias gubernamentales. Aunque la expresión captación de fondos se refiere normalmente a los esfuerzos para reunir fondos para organizacione…

Виборчий округ №41 Регіон: Донецька область Кіл-ть виборців: 151 531 Кіл-ть дільниць: 88 Площа: 223.5 км2 Адреса ОВК: 83030, м. Донецьк, вул. Октября, 17 Чинниймажоритарник: немає Округ №41 на сайті ДРВ Виборчий округ 41 — виборчий округ в Донецькій області, який внаслідок збройної аг

FalconCapitán América Personaje de Marvel Comics Cosplayer como el personajePrimera aparición Como Falcon: Captain América Nº117 (septiembre de 1969)Como Capitán América: Captain América N.º 1 (enero de 2015)Creado por Stan LeeGene ColanInterpretado por Anthony Mackie (2014-presente)Doblador en España José Luis Mediavilla (2014-presente)Información personalEstatus actual ActivoNombre de nacimiento Samuel Thomas Sam WilsonAlias Snap Wilson, Falcon, Ala Negra, Pájaro Negro, Capit…

«Kingdom Come» Canción de Tom Verlainedel álbum Tom VerlainePublicación septiembre de 1979Estudio Blue Rock, New YorkGénero(s) Punk new wave ​ Duración 3:42Discográfica ElektraAutor(es) Tom VerlaineProductor(es) Tom VerlaineCronología del álbum Tom Verlaine «Souvenir from a Dream» (2) «Kingdom Come» (3) «Mr. Bingo» (4) [editar datos en Wikidata] «Kingdom Come» es una canción escrita por el músico estadounidense Tom Verlaine para su álbum debut homónimo de 1979.[…

زينة أرسلان معلومات شخصية الميلاد 3 يناير 1971 (العمر 52 سنة)بيروت،  لبنان الجنسية لبنانية الزوج الأمير طلال أرسلان الأولاد مجيد طلال أرسلان  [لغات أخرى]‏  الحياة العملية التعلّم بكالريوس من جامعة ريتشموند سبب الشهرة أنشطة اجتماعية خيرية تعديل مصدري - تعديل   الأ

14th century battle between Ottoman sultan and ruler of northeastern Anatolia The Battle of Kırkdilim was fought in July 1391 or 1392[a] between the Ottoman şehzade Ertuğrul[1] and Kadi Burhan al-Din, ruler of northeastern Anatolia. The details of the battle are debated: Burhan al-Din's court poet Ibn Ardashir presents Bayezid's campaign being ended by a major victory for his master, which temporarily halted Ottoman expansion in Anatolia, but the contemporary letters of Manuel…

Este artigo carece de caixa informativa ou a usada não é a mais adequada. Rio–Bahia é um álbum do cantor e compositor Dori Caymmi lançado em 2006 em parceira com a cantora Joyce.[1] Sobre o álbum, o crítico musical britânico Robin Denselow, do The Guardian, escreveu: «O álbum é um tributo a dois centros musicais: Rio de Janeiro e Bahia. Ela [a cantora Joyce] está acompanhada do guitarrista e cantor Dori Caymmi, que compôs muitas das canções, incluindo sua formidável colaboraç

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Martabak (disambiguasi). Martabak mesirPembuatan martabak mesir dan roti cane di gerai Martabak Kubang, saat festival kuliner Kampoeng Legenda, Mal Ciputra, Jakarta Barat.Nama lainMartabak kubang, Martabak padangSajianMakanan Utama, KudapanTempat asalIndonesiaDaerahNagari Kubang, Sumatera BaratBahan utamaAdonan tepung, telur, rendang sapi, daun bawang Martabak mesir atau martabak kubang adalah kudapan yang terbuat dari adonan tepung yang berisi telur, daging berbumbu (…

Haitian rebel group In Haitian history, Cacos were bodies of armed men, originally drawn from the country's enslaved population, who came to wield power in the mountainous regions of Haiti following the victory of the Haitian Revolution in 1804.[1] The nickname cacos was derived from local terms for the red-plumed Hispaniolan trogon because the insurgents used to hide, like the bird of the same name, under the leaves so as to come unexpectedly upon and attack their enemy.[2] Resi…

Austronesian language spoken in New Caledonia KanalaXârâcùùNative toNew CaledoniaRegionCanalaNative speakers5,700 (2009 census)[1]Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianOceanicSouthern OceanicNew Caledonian – LoyaltiesNew CaledonianSouthernSouth SouthernXaracuu–XaragureKanalaLanguage codesISO 639-3aneGlottologxara1244Xârâcùù is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Xârâcùù (local pronun…

Antonia dari Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum. Antonia Major juga disebut sebagai Julia Antonia Major[1] (Latin: Antonia Maior, PIR2 A 884) (kelahiran Agustus/September 39 SM), juga disebut sebagai Antonia the Elder, adalah seorang putri dari Triumvir Markus Antonius dan Octavia the Younger dan kerabat dari para kaisar Romawi pertama dari dinasti Julio-Claudian. Ia adalah kemenakan dari kaisar pertama Augustus, sepupu tiri kaisar Tiberius, bibi dari ayah kaisar Caligula, bibi pihak ibu dan…

Stadium in Glasgow City, Scotland, UK Newlandsfield ParkLocationNewlands, Glasgow, ScotlandCoordinates55°49′26″N 4°17′16″W / 55.8239°N 4.2879°W / 55.8239; -4.2879OwnerPollok F.C.Capacity2088[1]Record attendance15,000 (approximately)SurfaceGrassOpened1928TenantsPollok F.C. Newlandsfield Park is a football ground in Newlands, Glasgow, Scotland. It is the home ground of West of Scotland Football League side Pollok F.C. History Pollok's first ground w…

All tropical cyclone tracks between the years 1985 and 2005. Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology discusses precipitation characteristics of tropical cyclones that have struck Mexico over the years. One-third of the annual rainfall received along the Mexican Riviera and up to half of the rainfall received in Baja California Sur is directly attributable to tropical cyclones moving up the west coast of Mexico. The central plateau is shielded from the high rainfall amounts seen on the ocean…

1894 German-language novel by Theodor Fontane This article is about the 1894 novel by Theodor Fontane. For other uses, see Effi Briest (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Effi Briest – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this te…

American philosopher (1906–1998) Nelson GoodmanBornHenry Nelson GoodmanAugust 7, 1906Somerville, Massachusetts, U.S.DiedNovember 25, 1998(1998-11-25) (aged 92)Needham, Massachusetts, U.S.EducationHarvard University (PhD, 1941)Era20th-century philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalyticNominalism[1]ThesisA Study of Qualities (1941)Doctoral advisorC. I. LewisDoctoral studentsIsrael SchefflerOther notable studentsNoam Chomsky, Sydney Morgenbesser, Stephen Stich, Hilary …

1991 murder of a Texas constable Murder of Darrell LunsfordDashcam footage from Lunsford's cruiser, moments before he was murderedLocationGarrison, Texas, U.S.DateJanuary 23, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-01-23)TargetTexas law enforcement officerWeaponsFirearmDeaths1VictimDarrell LunsfordPerpetratorsBaldemar Villarreal, Reynaldo Villarreal, Jesus Cortez Zambrano On January 23, 1991, in Garrison, Texas, police officer Constable Darrell Lunsford pulled over a suspicious vehicle. Insid…

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ليون (توضيح). ليون    علم شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالإسبانية: León)‏    الإحداثيات 42°37′12″N 5°50′26″W / 42.620046°N 5.8406603°W / 42.620046; -5.8406603  [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد إسبانيا[2][3]  التقسيم الأعلى قـشتالة وليون  العاصمة ليون  …

Think tank which focuses on the future This article is about The Millennium Project. It is not to be confused with United Nations Millennium Project. The Millennium ProjectPurposeGlobal Futures ResearchHeadquartersWashington D.C.Region served WorldwideExecutive directorsJerome C. Glenn,[1]Theodore J. Gordon,Elizabeth FlorescuWebsitemillennium-project.org The Millennium Project is a think tank that publishes a State of the Future report.[2] In 2001 it was associated with the Ameri…

1956 American war film directed by Robert Aldrich Attack!Theatrical release posterDirected byRobert AldrichScreenplay byJames PoeBased onFragile Fox1954 playby Norman BrooksProduced byRobert AldrichStarringJack PalanceEddie AlbertLee MarvinWilliam SmithersRobert StraussBuddy EbsenCinematographyJoseph F. BirocEdited byMichael LucianoMusic byFrank De VolProductioncompanyThe Associates & Aldrich CompanyDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date October 17, 1956 (1956-10-17) Running…

British record label This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Reaction Records – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Reaction RecordsParent companyUniversal Music GroupFounded1966-1967FounderRobert StigwoodDistributor(s)Polydor …

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya