保罗·戴斯蒙

保羅·戴斯蒙
戴夫·布鲁贝克和保罗·戴斯蒙
音乐家
本名保罗·埃米尔·布莱登菲尔德
英文名
Paul Emil Breitenfeld
国籍 美国
出生(1924-11-25)1924年11月25日
 美国加利福尼亚州旧金山
逝世1977年5月30日(1977歲—05—30)（52歲）
 美国纽约州纽约市
死因肺癌
职业萨克斯手、作曲家
配偶杜安·里夫斯·拉蒙 (1947-1949)
音乐类型爵士乐﹑冷爵士樂、古典樂
演奏乐器中音萨克斯、单簧管﹑小提琴
代表作品《Time Out》﹑《Bossa Antigua》、《Pure Desmond》
活跃年代1951年-1977年
唱片公司哥伦比亚唱片、RCA唱片、Horizon Records（英语：Horizon Records）、CTI Records（英语：CTI Records）

保罗·戴斯蒙（英語：Paul Desmond，1924年11月25日—1977年5月30日），美国爵士中音萨克斯手、作曲家，被认为是酷派爵士乐（Cool Jazz）的代表人物之一。他曾是戴夫·布鲁贝克四人乐隊（The Dave Brubeck Quartet）的一员，為该乐隊最有名的作品之一《Take Five》的构思者。

生平

戴斯蒙于1924年在美国加州旧金山出生，本名保罗·埃米尔·布莱登菲尔德（Paul Emil Breitenfel）。保罗的父亲埃米尔·布莱登菲尔德（Emil Breitenfeld）是一名钢琴家和作曲家，以编曲、默片伴奏为生。第一次世界大战期间，埃米尔·布莱登菲尔德在纽约第17步兵团服役并创作了军旅歌曲《The Last Long Mile》。[1]戴斯蒙的母亲秀兰·金（Shirley King）患有精神疾病，情绪时常不稳定。[2]因此戴斯蒙自1933年起搬往纽约新罗谢尔，寄宿在当地亲人家近五年。

戴斯蒙自12岁起学习單簧管和小提琴，但他的父亲并不赞同他学习小提琴，因为以小提琴为生賺不了錢。高中时期他展现出了写作才华，并担任校刊编辑。不久，他對爵士樂有興趣，因此开始接触中音萨克斯。大学时期戴斯蒙应征入伍，加入第253军乐队（253 AGF band）。他参军三年，但并未参加过战斗。在回忆这段经历时他调侃道，“每个月我们都以为自己要被派出，但始终没有。我们的文件一定被遗忘在华盛顿的某个桌子底下了。”[3][4]

1946年退伍后戴斯蒙将自己的名字从布莱登菲尔德改为戴斯蒙。至于改名的原因，其中一个说法是他认为布莱登菲尔德听起来“太爱尔兰了”，而戴斯蒙是他从电话簿里挑的。[4]而戴斯蒙的传记作者道格拉斯·拉姆齐（Doug Ramsey）说1942年戴斯蒙与好友哈尔·斯特拉克（Hal Strack）在一起听格伦·米勒（Glenn Miller）乐队歌手约翰尼·戴斯蒙（Johnny Desmond）的音乐时说“这个名字太好了，非常流畅而又不寻常。如果未来我决定改名的话，我就要叫戴斯蒙。”[2]

1947年戴斯蒙与演员杜安·里夫斯·拉蒙（Duane Reeves Lamon）结婚，1949年二人离婚，离婚后他们一直保持着朋友关系。戴斯蒙直到去世没有再娶。

由于长年吸食香烟的习惯，戴斯蒙在1977年5月30日罹患肺癌逝世。他在遗嘱中表示希望将單曲《Take Five》的所有收入捐赠给红十字会。[5]

音乐事业

戴夫·布鲁贝克四人樂隊

1944年戴斯蒙与钢琴家戴夫·布鲁贝克在军队相识並成為好友。戴斯蒙在1946至1948年曾是戴夫·布鲁贝克八人乐队的一员。随后二人于1951年成立戴夫·布鲁贝克四人乐隊，当时乐团并没有固定的鼓手和贝斯手。[6]

在1954年，戴斯蒙曾通話訪問另一位中音萨克斯手查利·帕克（Charlie Parker）。其實，戴斯蒙和帕克的音樂風格差異相當大。戴斯蒙擅長演奏輕快柔和的冷爵士樂；而帕克傾向花巧快速的咆勃爵士樂。二人對爵士音樂進行討論及不少創新的想法，令這短短十五分鐘的通話得以成為當時城中熱話。

1956年乔·莫雷略（Joe Morello）加入成为乐隊第二任鼓手，接替上任鼓手乔·道奇（Joe Dodge）。但早期合作中莫雷略与戴斯蒙关系并不融洽。在音乐上，戴斯蒙希望鼓手保持简单的节奏为钢琴和萨克斯伴奏。但莫雷略并不赞同，他希望成为乐队核心并向戴夫表达了这个想法。在莫雷略第一次与乐团同台演出时，布鲁贝克将莫雷略作为核心介绍，莫雷略当天的独奏得到观众热烈的反馈。作为樂隊一贯的核心，戴斯蒙并不滿意这个变化，并曾以离开乐团威胁布鲁贝克希望他辞退莫雷略。最终布鲁贝克将兩人都留在乐队中，他们的紧张关系维持了若干年，但莫雷略与戴斯蒙最终和好并同意一同擔當核心成員的角色。[7]

萨克斯的選擇

在1963年的一次訪問中，當訪問者問戴斯蒙為何不嘗試演奏除了中音外的其他萨克斯，戴斯蒙回答：「中音發出的聲音最柔和，最切合我的期望，我也曾經嘗試用次中音，次中音聽起來太粗糙了，但我很喜歡聽其他音樂家吹次中音。」[8]

演奏风格

在代表查利·帕克和约翰·柯川等黑人萨克斯手流行的时代，戴斯蒙开拓了独特的音乐风格。他的演奏风格轻柔流暢，即兴内容讲求乐段的旋律性，無論是快和慢的樂段,有着憂鬱的情感。他希望演奏像干马天尼（Dry Martini）”一样的声音。[9]

戴斯蒙演奏所使用的配置是美国塞尔玛公司生产的Super Balanced Action中音萨克斯，M. C. Gregory 4A-18M 硬膠吹嘴，以及Rico 3.5硬度簧片。

曲目

在戴夫·布鲁贝克四人樂隊擔任萨克斯手時的專輯

  • 1952 The Dave Brubeck Quartet
  • 1952 Jazz at the Blackhawk
  • 1953 Jazz at Oberlin Dave Brubeck
  • 1953 The Jackson-Harris Herd/The Dave Brubeck Quartet: Live at the Blue Note, Chicago, March 1953
  • 1953 Brubeck & Desmond at Wilshire-Ebell
  • 1953 Jazz at the College of the Pacific
  • 1953 Jazz at the College of the Pacific, Volume 2
  • 1954 Dave Brubeck at Storyville 1954
  • 1954 Jazz Goes to College
  • 1954 Brubeck Time
  • 1954 Jazz: Red Hot and Cool [live]
  • 1956 Dave Brubeck Quartet Live in 1956–57 Featuring Paul Desmond
  • 1956 Live From Basin Street
  • 1956 Dave Brubeck and Jay & Kai at Newport
  • 1956 Dave Brubeck Featuring Paul Desmond: Live Together
  • 1956 Jazz Impressions of the U.S.A.
  • 1957 Re-Union
  • 1957 Jazz Goes to Junior College
  • 1957 Dave Digs Disney
  • 1958 The Dave Brubeck Quartet In Europe
  • 1958 Newport 1958: Brubeck Plays Ellington
  • 1958 Jazz Impressions of Eurasia
  • 1958 The Quartet [live]
  • 1959 Gone with the Wind
  • 1959 Time Out
  • 1959 St. Louis Blues [live]
  • 1959 Southern Scene
  • 1960 Brubeck and Rushing
  • 1960 Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein
  • 1960 Tonight Only!
  • 1961 Time Further Out
  • 1961 Countdown:Time in Outer Space
  • 1961 Brandenburg Gate: Revisited
  • 1961 Take Five (Live Version)
  • 1962 Bossa Nova U.S.A.
  • 1962 Brubeck in Amsterdam
  • 1963 At Carnegie Hall
  • 1963 Time Changes
  • 1964 Jazz Impressions of Japan
  • 1964 Jazz Impressions of New York
  • 1964 In Concert 1964
  • 1964 Dave Brubeck in Berlin
  • 1965 The Canadian Concert of Dave Brubeck
  • 1965 Angel Eyes
  • 1965 My Favorite Things
  • 1965 Time In Dave Brubeck
  • 1966 Dave Brubeck's Greatest Hits
  • 1966 Anything Goes! The Dave Brubeck Quartet Plays Cole Porter
  • 1966 Jackpot! Recorded Live in Las Vegas
  • 1967 Bravo! Brubeck! [live]
  • 1967 Buried Treasures: Recorded Live in Mexico City
  • 1967 Take Five(2nd Live Edition)
  • 1967 The Last Time We Saw Paris [live]
  • 1967 Their Last Time Out: The Unreleased Live Concert, December 26, 1967
  • 1971 Summit Sessions
  • 1972 We're All Together Again for the First Time
  • 1975 1975: The Duets
  • 1976 '''25th Anniversary Reunion Dave Brubeck Quartet'''

與其他樂手合作的專輯

  • 1951 How Long, Baby How Long, Pt. 1
  • 1951 How Long, Baby How Long, Pt. 2
  • 1951 The Man I Love
  • 1951 Down In Honkytonk Town
  • 1954 Gerry Mulligan/Paul Desmond [reissues]
  • 1954 Desmond
  • 1955 Chet Baker Quartet Plus: The Newport Years, Vol. 1 [live]
  • 1956 Desmond: Here I AM
  • 1957 Blues in Time
  • 1959 First Place Again
  • 1962 Two of a Mind
  • 1962 Desmond Blue
  • 1962 Late Lament
  • 1963 Take Ten
  • 1965 Glad to Be Unhappy
  • 1965 Bossa Antigua
  • 1966 Easy Living
  • 1969 Summertime
  • 1969 From the Hot Afternoon
  • 1970 Bridge over Troubled Water
  • 1971 The Only Recorded Performance of Paul Desmond With The Modern Jazz Quartet [live]
  • 1974 Skylark
  • 1974 Pure Desmond
  • 1974 She Was Too Good to Me
  • 1975 Live
  • 1975 Concierto
  • 1976 Paul Desmond
  • 1977 You Can't Go Home Again
  • 1977 The Best Thing for You

参考文献

  1. ^ Chang, E. Christina. The Singing Program of World War I: The Crusade for a Singing Army. Journal of Historical Research in Music Education. 2001-10, 23 (1). ISSN 1536-6006. doi:10.1177/153660060102300103. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Brubeck, Dave; Brubeck, Iola; Caulfield, Paul. Take five : the public and private lives of Paul Desmond. Take Five: The Public and Private Lives of Paul Desmond. Seattle, Wash. 2005. ISBN 0-9617266-7-9. OCLC 60127838. 
  3. ^ Stories of Standards: "Take Five" by Paul Desmond. KUVO. 2020-01-20 [2022-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-03） （美国英语）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Paul Desmond Biography. musicianguide.com. [2022-09-17]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-23）. 
  5. ^ Gioia, Ted. The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. Oxford University Press. 2012-06-07 [2022-07-24]. ISBN 978-0-19-993740-0. （原始内容存档于2022-07-24） （英语）. 
  6. ^ Quartet, Dave Brubeck. Radio Swiss Jazz - Music database - Band. www.radioswissjazz.ch. [2022-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-04） （英语）. 
  7. ^ Tarik. Desmond Vs. Drums, or Adventures in Tinky-Boom. It's A Raggy Waltz. 2017-10-06 [2022-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-28） （英语）. 
  8. ^ https://nationaljazzarchive.org.uk/explore/interviews/1277545-paul-desmond-interview-1?
  9. ^ Hamlin, Jesse. Paul Desmond's sound was like a dry martini, and his melodies flowed like sweet wine. SFGATE. 2005-09-10 [2022-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-27） （美国英语）. 

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