伊凡·亞歷山大

伊凡·亞歷山大
Иван Александър
保加利亞沙皇
統治1331年-1371年2月17日
前任伊凡·史蒂芬
繼任伊凡·希什曼
伊凡·斯拉齊米爾
王朝斯拉齊米爾王朝
父親克朗的史塔斯曼
母親波翠卡

伊凡·亞歷山大保加利亞語Иван Александър 轉寫Ivan Aleksandǎr[1] 發音為 iˈvan alɛkˈsandər;原始拼音:ІѠАНЪ АЛЄѮАНдРЪ[2])又稱為約翰·亞歷山大[3]保加利亞第二帝國君主沙皇),1331年至1371年在位[4]。他的生年不詳,逝於1371年2月17日。他的長期統治被視為保加利亞中世紀歷史的過渡期。伊凡·亞歷山大登基後,著手處理國內問題以及來自拜占庭帝國塞爾維亞帝國等鄰國的威脅,並領導帝國進入經濟復甦以及文化與宗教復興時代[5]

然而,在帝國晚期,伊凡·亞歷山大仍然未能抵擋南邊鄂圖曼帝國和西北方匈牙利王國的頻繁入侵,國內黑死病的蔓延又使情勢雪上加霜[4]。他一再嘗試著挽回帝國的艱難國勢,但皆終告失敗,最後伊凡·亞歷山大選擇將帝國一分為二、分別封予兩個兒子[6][7],宣告了保加利亞帝國的衰頹與分裂,注定為強權鄂圖曼帝國所征服[4][7]

伊万·亚历山大在位时期的保加利亚

註釋

  1. ^ 本條目的轉寫內容採用聯合國認可之科學轉寫系統,以拉丁字母拼寫西里爾字母。欲查更多細節,請參閱保加利亞語的拉丁化
  2. ^ 佐拉夫與歐嘉赫夫特許狀(Zograf and Orjahov Charters)上之拼法。Daskalova, Angelina; Marija Rajkova. Gramoti na bǎlgarskite care. Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 2005: 58–59. ISBN 954-322-034-4 (保加利亚语). 
  3. ^ 例如大英百科全書中之內容:約翰·亞歷山大(保加利亞皇帝)(John Alexander (emperor of Bulgaria)). Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. [2007-01-19]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-27). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lalkov, Rulers of Bulgaria, pp. 42–43.
  5. ^ Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija, 2.1
  6. ^ Delev, Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Castellan, Georges. Histoire des Balkans, XIVe-XXe siècle. Paris: Fayard. 1999: 42. ISBN 2-213-60526-2 (法语). 

參考文獻

  • Andreev, Jordan; Ivan Lazarov, Plamen Pavlov. Koj koj e v srednovekovna Bǎlgarija 2nd. Sofia: Petǎr Beron. 1999. ISBN 954-402-047-0 (保加利亚语). 
  • Andreev, Jordan. Bǎlgarija prez vtorata četvǎrt na XIV v.. Veliko Tǎrnovo: Sv. Kliment Ohridski. 1993. OCLC 69163573 (保加利亚语). 
  • Angelov, Petǎr. Bǎlgaro-srǎbskite otnošenija pri caruvaneto na Ivan Aleksandǎr (1331-1371) i Stefan Dušan (1331-1355). Sofia: Sofia University Press. 1982 [1978] (保加利亚语). 
  • Bakalov, Georgi; Milen Kumanov. Elektronno izdanie – Istorija na Bǎlgarija. Sofia: Trud, Sirma. 2003. ISBN 954528613X (保加利亚语). 
  • Božilov, Ivan. Familijata na Asenevci (1186–1460). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. 1985. OCLC 14378091 (保加利亚语). 
  • Canev, Stefan. 11 Kǎm propast. Car Ivan Aleksandǎr, Momčil. Bǎlgarski hroniki. Sofia, Plovdiv: Trud, Žanet 45. 2006. ISBN 954-528-610-5 (保加利亚语). 
  • Delev, Petǎr; Valeri Kacunov, Plamen Mitev, Evgenija Kalinova, Iskra Baeva, Bojan Dobrev. 19 Bǎlgarija pri Car Ivan Aleksandǎr. Istorija i civilizacija za 11. klas. Trud, Sirma. 2006 (保加利亚语). 
  • Fine, Jr., John V.A. The Late Medieval Balkans. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1987. ISBN 0-472-08260-4. 
  • Lalkov, Milčo. Tsar Ivan Alexander (1331–1371). Rulers of Bulgaria. Kibea. 1997 [2011-04-08]. ISBN 954-474-098-8. (原始内容存档于2007-04-04) (英语). 
  • Tjutjundžiev, Ivan; Plamen Pavlov. Bǎlgarskata dǎržava i osmanskata ekspanzija 1369–1422. Veliko Tǎrnovo. 1992. OCLC 29671645 (保加利亚语). 
  • 2.1 Sǎzdavane i utvǎrždavane na Vtorata bǎlgarska dǎržava. Vǎzstanovenata dǎržavnost. Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, Trud, Sirma. 2005 [2011-04-08]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-07) (保加利亚语). 
  • 2.2 Balkansko kǎsogledstvo. Opitǎt da se oceljava poedinično. Bǎlgarite i Bǎlgarija. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, Trud, Sirma. 2005 [2011-04-08]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-07) (保加利亚语). 

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