亞歷山大·蘇馬羅科夫

亚历山大·彼得罗维奇·苏马罗科夫(俄语:Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Сумаро́ков,1717年11月25日—1777年10月12日),俄罗斯诗人、剧作家。他生于莫斯科的一个贵族家庭,在家中接受启蒙教育,后来在贵族的陆军武备学校学习。苏马罗科夫在学校中参加文学小组,写奉承的爱情歌词,配上当时流行的小步舞曲,在彼得堡的贵族育年中风行一时,还得到女皇的赏识。武备学校毕业后,苏马罗科夫当上一位伯爵的副官;他写了许多悲剧、喜剧和歌剧,获得很大的成就。他被任命为俄国策一剧院的院长。苏马罗科夫在作品中攻击贵族的骄横和不道德,提倡减轻对农奴的压迫。1763年,在叶卡捷琳娜二世登基日,戏剧家沃尔科夫朗诵了苏马罗科夫写的一首讽刺俄国社会风尚的诗《对变化无常的世界的大合唱》,引起女皇的愤怒。苏马罗料夫被迫离开彼得堡,贫困而死。苏马罗科夫的创作体裁是多种多样的,除戏剧外,还写抒情诗、颂诗、童话、讽刺诗、铭词。他的诗歌的韵律丰富多彩,在俄国诗歌发展中起过一定作用,其歌谣很多取材于民间作品。

创作

苏马罗科夫的早期颂诗用特列季亚科夫斯基诗体写作。40年代与罗蒙诺索夫走到一起,这一时期诗作以罗蒙诺索夫精神写成。1747年,他完成了具有古典主义文论性质的两部诗体书简。在推崇颂诗和悲剧为崇高体裁,并且大量写作的同时,他也开始表现出自己的特性和偏好,他对所谓中间和低级体裁给予了更多的关注,例如牧歌、田园诗、歌曲、寓言、喜剧诗等。他与他的弟子和追随者们对于这些问题,在题材、主题、语言、形象以及格律和韵律方面进行了大量探索。

给苏马罗科夫带来崇高文学声誉的是他的戏剧创作。作为剧作家,他共创作了9部悲剧,包括《霍列夫》、《西纳夫和特鲁沃尔》(1750)、《维舍斯拉夫》(1768)、《伪皇德米特里》(1771)、《姆斯季斯拉夫》(1774)等。

苏马罗科夫戏剧情节则取材于俄罗斯历史。尽管作品用的主要是人名,而不是真实史料,但是由于他的努力,民族历史主题成为俄罗斯古典主义的突出特点。他的作品结构质朴简明,人物角色很少,而成熟时期的作品一般都是幸福结局。他的悲剧的戏剧冲突核心是爱情和责任的斗争,而责任最终取胜。他的悲剧颂扬贵族“公民”美德,主人公为责任而战胜自我。作品的社会政治意义在于抨击专制暴君(“不管权臣,还是领袖、统帅、君王/没有美德就是令人鄙夷的生物”)。他在其唯一一部取材于真实历史事件的悲剧《伪皇德米特里》中,号召推翻这个17世纪初在波兰支持下窃取王位的“暴君”,因为他是“莫斯科、俄罗斯的敌人和臣民的折磨者”。不过,推翻暴君的“人民”没有超越古典主义原则,还只是弱小的萌芽。同时,他笔下的德米特里不是活生生的人,而是一切暴虐的化身。

苏马罗科夫在喜剧方面也有贡献。他早期喜剧只是讽刺以人物为化身的某种恶习。60年代的喜剧《监护人》(1765)、《高利贷者》(1768)等风格怪异,主要揭露人物身上体现出来的卑鄙情欲。监护人觊觎孤儿财产而将青年贵族变成奴仆;高利贷者出于吝窗让仆人半饥半饱,逼他们去愉木材。他还曾为俄罗斯第一部歌剧《采法尔和普罗克里斯》(1755)撰写了剧本。

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