Kargo kültü

1967 yılında Tanna adası, New Hebrides’da (şimdiki adı Vanuatu) bulunan John Frum kargo kültünün seremoni haçı.
Makale serilerinden
Temel kavramlar
Statü ve derece
Liderlik
Yönetim
hukuk ve gelenek
Olay çalışmaları
Başsız
Hiyerarşik lideri bulunmayan toplumlar
Devlet
Batılı olmayan devlet sistemleri
Hukuk sistemleri
Kolonileşme ve direniş
İlgili maddeler
Ana teorisyenler
Sosyal ve kültürel antropoloji

Kargo kültü kolonileşen toplulukların ticari ağları ile temasa geçilince ortaya çıkan, çok çeşitli uygulamaları kapsayan Melanezya binyılcı hareketidir. Hareket adını çeşitli seremonik davranışların maddi bolluk getireceği ("kargo") inancından almıştır.[1][2]

Kargo kültü çoğunlukla krizlerin birleşiminde ortaya çıkar. Toplumsal stres altında karizmatik bir figürün liderliğinde bu şekilde bir hareket ortaya çıkabilir. Söz konusu lider genellikle geleneksel ahlaka dönüş yapılarak elde edilebileceği düşünülen, geçmişten gelen bir etkiye bağlı olan, gelecekle ilgili bir "görüye" (veya "mit-rüya") sahip olabilir.[1][3] Bu lider halihazırdaki rejimi, toplumsal hiyerarşi ve ego sınırlarının çöktüğü anlamına gelecek şekilde eski sosyal düzeni ortadan kaldıran bir rejim şeklinde betimleyebilir.[4]

Kolonileşen gruplarla temas, Melanezya'nın yerli halklarının diğer topluluklar hakkındaki düşüncelerini önemli ölçüde değiştirmiştir. Kargo kültü hakkındaki ilk teoriler uygulayıcıların teknoloji, kolonizasyon ve kapitalist reformu anlamakta başarısız olduklarını ileri sürmüştür. Bu düşünceye göre kargo kültü, kaynak dağıtımı yapan ticaret ağlarının yanlış anlaşılması ve ticaretin kesilmesinden sonra da söz konusu ürünleri elde etme çabasıdır. Ancak pek çok uygulayıcı öncelikle yeni toplumsal ilişkiler oluşturma ve devam ettirmeye yoğunlaşmakta, maddi ilişkiler ikinci planda kalmaktadır.[5]

20. yüzyılın sonlarında alternatif teoriler ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Örneğin Kaplan ve Lindstorm gibi bazı akademisyenler Avrupalıların bu hareketi ticari ürünlere duyulan hayranlıkla betimlemesine ve bu yaklaşımın Batı'nın meta fetişizmi hakkında neler söylediğine yoğunlaşmıştır.[2] Diğerleri ise her hareketin belirli tarihsel bağlamları yansıtması ihtiyacına işaret etmiş ve Avrupalılar takas ilişkisi kurmaya çalışmamışsa kargo kültü terimini kullanmaktan kaçınmıştırlar.[6]

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ a b Burridge, Kenelm (1969). New Heaven, New Earth: A study of Millenarian Activities. Londra: Basil Blackwell. s. 48. 
  2. ^ a b Lindstrom, Lamont (1993). Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of desire from Melanesia and beyond. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 
  3. ^ Burridge, Kenelm (1993). Lockwood, V. S.; Harding, T. G.; B. J., Wallace (Ed.). Contemporary Pacific Societies: Studies in Development and Change. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. s. 283. 
  4. ^ Worley, Peter (1957). The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 'Cargo Cults' in Melanesia. New York: Schocken books. 
  5. ^ Otto, Ton (2009). "What happened to Cargo Cults? Material Religions in Melanesia and the West". Social Analysis. 53 (1). ss. 93-4. 
  6. ^ Otto, Ton (2009). "What happened to Cargo Cults? Material Religions in Melanesia and the West". Social Analysis. 53 (1). 

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