Fars edebiyatı, Farsça sözlü kompozisyonlardan ve yazılı metinlerden oluşan dünyanın en eski edebiyatlarından biridir.[1][2][3][4] 2500 yıldan uzun bir dönemi kapsayan Fars edebiyatına ait kaynaklar bugünkü İran sınırlarının ötelerine, Orta Asya, Batı Asya, Anadolu, Hint alt kıtası, Mısır[5] ve Balkanlar'a yayılmıştır. Gaznelilerin Orta ve Güney Asya'yı fethinden sonra Afganistan, Pakistan, Hindistan ve Orta Asya'ya yayılmıştır. Yalnız İranlılar değil, Türk, Kafkas, Hint, Pakistanlı ve Slav şair ve yazarların Fars dilinde oluşturdukları eserler de Fars edebiyatı içinde sayılmaktadır.
Fars edebiyatının kökleri, Antik Çağ'da Birinci Pers İmparatorluğu döneminde konuşulan Eski Farsça ve daha sonra SasanilerOrta Farsçası döneminden kalıp günümüze kadar ulaşmış eserlere dayanmaktadır. Ancak, İskender'in fethi sonrası Pers İmparatorluğu başkenti Persepolis'teki kütüphanelerin yakılıp yıkılması nedeniyle Antik Çağ'a ait Fars edebiyatı eserlerinin çoğu yok olmuştur.[6][7][8] Bu dönemden korunmuş olarak günümüze ulaşan Behistun Yazıtı'nın tarihi MÖ 6. yüzyıla uzanmaktadır. Yazıt üzerindeki çivi yazısı yazmalar Eski Farsçanın yanı sıra diğer Antik Çağ uygarlık dilleri olan Elamca, Babilce ve Akadca metinler de içermektedir.[9][10] Bunlara bağlı olarak Fars edebiyatının günümüze ulaşan ürünlerinin büyük bir kısmı, Müslümanların İran'ı ele geçirmesini takip eden dönemlerde oluşturulmuştur. Abbâsîler'in iktidarı ile birlikte (MS 750), İranlılar İslam Halifeliğinin katipleri ve bürokratları ve giderek artan bir şekilde yazarları ve şairleri haline gelip Farsça ve Arapça yazmaya başlamıştır.
İslamiyeti kabul ettikten sonra yüzyıllar boyunca edebiyatımıza büyük etkileri olmuş olan ve Divan edebiyatımızın başlıca kaynağını meydana getirmiş olan İran edebiyatı, İslamiyetin kabul edilmesinden önce ve İslam medeniyetinin etkisi altında olmak üzere başlıca iki bölüme ayrılır.
İslamiyetin kabul edilmesi ile başlayan İran edebiyatı, başlıca şu bölümlere ayrılabilir:
İslam öncesi İran edebiyatına ait eserler Eski Farsça, Orta Farsça, Partça, Soğdca gibi dillerde oluşturulmuştur. Bu dönemdeki eserler dini eserler, inançsal konulardaki tefsir eserleri ve din dışı eserler olmak üzere üçe ayrılmaktadır. Avesta külliyatı, dini eserler bağlamında Avesta metinlerinin tefsirini, açıklamalarını, yorumlarını ve çevirilerini içermektedir. Denkard, Bundahişn, Pursishin-nameg, Vichitakiha i Zatsparam, Arda-Viraf Namag, Daedestan i Menog-i Khrad, Jamasp Namag, Zand-i Wahman, Shikand-gumanic Vichar, Shayast ne-shayast, Zaratosht-nama, Wizidagiha-i Zadspram bu dönemdeki inançsal konuları ele almış eserlerdir. Bunların yanı sıra Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan,Ayadgar-i Zariran, Shahrestaniha i Eranshahr, Andarzyazıları, Wizarishn i Chatrang, Drakht i Asurig, Abdih ud Sahigih i Sagistan, Khusraw va Redag ve Mah farvardin Ruz khordad din dışı konuların ele alındığı eserlerdir. Frahang-i Pahlavig, Frahang-i Oim-evak Fars edebiyatına ait İslamiyet öncesi derlenmiş sözlüklerdir. Yine bu dönemde Khwaday Namag (Krallar Kitabı) Sasani sarayına bağlı rahipler tarafından derlenen Sasani krallarının tarihi ve efsanevi bir soyağacını içeren kroniklerdir.
I - Kahramanlık şiiri devri: (10. yüzyıl)
Bu devrin başlıca şairleri, en eski Acem şairi sayılan Rûdegî, Keygâvus, Ulusrî, Dakikî ve Şehnâme adlı Acemlerin en büyük kahramanlık destanını yazan Firdevsî'dir. Şehnâme'den:
« بسی رنج بردم در این سال سی «Otuz yıl çok acı ve zorluk çektim
عجم زنده کردم بدین پارسی » Farsça ile Acem'e hayat ve can verdim»
II - Saray şiiri devri (11. yüzyıl)
Arap medeniyetinin İran'da yer etmeye başlaması üzerine zümre edebiyatı olan yeni bir şiir meydana gelmiştir. Bu devrin en ünlü şairleri Anyarî ve Nizamî'dir.
III - Mistik ve moral devir (13. yüzyıl)
Selçuk devri Iran edebiyatının en parlak devri olan bu yüzyılda, Tasavvuf edebiyatı yolunda. şiirler yazan Senasî ve Attar önemli şairlerdendir. Lirik ve melânkolik bir şair olan Selman ve Gülistan ve Bostan adlı eserlerin şairi Sadî, bu yüzyılda yetişmiş önemli şairlerdendir.
IV - Lirik şiirin parlak devri (14. yüzyıl)
Bu yüzyılda İran saray şiiri, en parlak devrini yaşamış ve Hafız. Vassaf gibi şairler, yalnız İran edebiyatının değil, dünya edebiyatın da en büyük lirik şairleri olduklarını gösteren eserler meydana getirmişlerdir.
V - Duraklama devri (15. - 16. yüzyıllar)
İran şiiri, artık eski parlak devrini kaybetmiştir. Bu yüzyılda yetişen Cami, İran edebiyatının son büyük, şairidir.
VI - Yeni devir (17. - 19. yüzyıllar)
Eski önemini kaybetmesine rağmen İran edebiyatı şiir ve nesir alanında önemli sanatçılar yetiştirmiştir. Sadî, Seyyit Yahya, Kelim, Mirza, Sadık yetişen ünlü şairlerdendir. Bu devirde-Iran nesiri Hace Abdullahîî Ensarî tarafından kurulmuştur.
VII - Çağdaş devir
Bu çağda yetişen İran sanatçıları, eski geleneği devam ettirmek isteyenler, modern Avrupa edebiyatı yolunda eserler vermek, isteyenler ve bu iki grubun arasında kalanlar olmak üzere başlıca üç ayrı gruba ayrılmış gibidirler. Bu bakımdan çağdaş Iran edebiyatında, eski Fars şiir ve nesir geleneğini devam ettirerek o yolda eser veren sanatçıların yanında; İran dilini Arapça ve Türkçe kelimelerden kurtararak yalın bir Fars dili meydan getirmek isteyen sanatçılar da eserlerini vermektedirler. Bunlar arasında, eski geleneği tamamen yıkmak, Arap yazısını değiştirmek taraftarı olanlar da bulunmakta, İran dilinin ve edebiyatının değişmesi zorunluluğunu savunmaktadırlar. Bu İki grubun arasında kalan bazı sanatçılar da eski gelenekleri tamamen muhafaza etmedikleri gibi, yenileşmenin de savunmasını yapmamaktadırlar. Mahmud Devletabadi, Sadık Hidayet, Sadık Çubek, Bozorg Alevi çağdaş İran edebiyatının önde gelen yazarları arasında görülmektedir.
^Spooner, Brian (2012). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". Schiffman, Harold (Ed.). Language policy and language conflict in Afghanistan and its neighbors: the changing politics of language choice. Leiden: Brill. s. 94.
^Spooner, Brian (1994). "Dari, Farsi, and Tojiki". Marashi, Mehdi (Ed.). Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery. Leiden: Brill. ss. 177-178.
^abThompson, R. Campbell. "The Rock of Behistun". Wonders of the Past. Edited by Sir J. A. Hammerton. Vol. II. New York: Wise and Co., 1937.
^abLouis H. Gray, Notes on the Old Persian Inscriptions of Behistun, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 23, pp. 56–64, 1902
^C. A. (Charles Ambrose) Storey and Franço de Blois (2004), "Persian Literature - A Biobibliographical Survey: Volume V Poetry of the Pre-Mongol Period", RoutledgeCurzon; 2nd revised edition (June 21, 2004). p. 363: "Nizami Ganja’i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi. His nisbah designates him as a native of Ganja (Elizavetpol, Kirovabad) in Azerbaijan, then still a country with an Iranian population, and he spent the whole of his life in Transcaucasia; the verse in some of his poetic works which makes him a native of the hinterland of Qom is a spurious interpolation."
^Franklin Lewis, Rumi Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2000. How is it that a Persian boy born almost eight hundred years ago in Khorasan, the northeastern province of greater Iran, in a region that we identify today as Central Asia, but was considered in those days as part of the Greater Persian cultural sphere, wound up in Central Anatolia on the receding edge of the Byzantine cultural sphere, in which is now Turkey, some 1500 miles to the west? (p. 9)
^Grant, Edward (2006). Science and Religion, 400 B.C. to A.D. 1550 From Aristotle to Copernicus. Johns Hopkins University Press. s. 232.
^Naidis, Mark (1972). The Western Tradition A Survey of Western Civilization. Dryden Press. s. 96.
^abGutas, Dimitri. "Farabi i. Biography". Encyclopædia Iranica. 8 Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Nisan 2010.
^Ebn Abi Osaybea, Oyun al-anba fi tabaqat at-atebba, ed. A. Müller, Cairo, 1299/1882. وكان ابوه قائد جيش وهو فارسي المنتسب
^Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Mehdi Aminrazavi. "An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia, Vol. 1: From Zoroaster to Umar Khayyam", I.B. Tauris in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2007. Pg 134: "Ibn Nadim in his al-Fihrist, which is the first work to mention Farabi considers him to be of Persian origin, as does Muhammad Shahrazuri in his Tarikh al-hukama and Ibn Abi Usaybi'a in his Tabaqat al-atibba. In contrast, Ibn Khallikan in his '"Wafayat al-'ayan considers him to be of Turkish descent. In any case, he was born in Farab in Khurasan of that day around 257/870 in a climate of Persianate culture"
^Rahman Habib, A Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE, Mansell Publishing, p. 167:
"A Persian by birth, Biruni produced his writings in Arabic, though he knew, besides Persian, no less than four other languages."
^David C. Lindberg, Science in the Middle Ages, University of Chicago Press, p. 18:
"A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive of Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di."
^Bosworth, C. E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". Boyle, J.A. (Ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Vol (İngilizce). Cambridge University Press. s. 7. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. The Iranian scholar al-Biruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC)
Frye, Richard Nelson (February 2000). The Golden Age of Persia (İngilizce). Phoenix Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN9780753809440. 22 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History
Lindberg, David C. (15 Mart 1980). Science in the Middle Ages (İngilizce). University of Chicago Press. s. 18. ISBN9780226482330. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di.
Massignon, L. (1951). "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe"". Al-Bīrūnī Commemoration Volume A.H.362-A.H.1362 (İngilizce). Iran Society. ss. 217-219. 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says, "And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian, science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba.
Samian, A.L. (31 Temmuz 1997). "Al-Biruni". Selin, Helaine (Ed.). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures (İngilizce). Springer Science & Business Media. s. 157. ISBN9780792340669. his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect
^Boilot, D.J., Al-Biruni (Beruni), Abu'l Rayhan Muhammad b. Ahmad New Ed., 1, ss. 1236-1238, He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September – see E. Sachau, Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm....was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, 'the Master'. in Bearman, Bianquis & Bosworth 2007
^Berggren, J. L.; Borwein, Jonathan; Borwein, Peter (2014). Pi: A Source Book (İngilizce). Springer. s. 680. ISBN978-1-4757-4217-6. 25 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2020. The Persian polymath, al-Birüni, a younger contemporary of Abu'l-Wafa', calculated the perimeters of inscribed and ...
Bennison, Amira K. (2009). The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. s. 204. ISBN978-0-300-15227-2. Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.
Goldschmidt, Arthur; Boum, Aomar (2015). A Concise History of the Middle East. Avalon Publishing. ISBN978-0-8133-4963-3. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...
Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. s. 167. ISBN978-0-7914-6800-5. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.
Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"
Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). 1-86064-523-2. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"
Mirchandani, Vinnie (2010). The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations. John Wiley & Sons. s. 300. ISBN978-0-470-76845-7. 20 Ocak 2023 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 3 Nisan 2024. Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad; Badakchani, S. J. (2005), Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought, Ismaili Texts and Translations, 5, Londra: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies, ss. 2-3, ISBN1-86064-436-8
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1986). The Cambridge History of Islam Volume 2B, Islamic Society and Civilisation. 1st. Cambridge University Press. s. 585. ISBN978-0-521-21949-5. secondly, some very great Shi'i thinkers who were ethnically Persian, such as the Isma'ilis, Abu Hatim Razi and Sijistani in the fourth/tenth century, or the Imamis, Nasir al-DIn Tusi (seventh/thirteenth century) and 'Allama Hilli (seventh-eighth/thirteenth-fourteenth centuries) and many others, were to continue to write in Arabic.
^Sir Patrick Moore, The Data Book of Astronomy, CRC Press, 2000, BG 48ref Henry Corbin, The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy, North Atlantic Books, 1998, pg 44
^Texts, Documents and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards. Edited by Chase F. Robinson, Brill Academic Publishers, BG 25.
^Child, Shuter & Taylor 1992, s. 70, Dessel, Nehrich & Voran 1973, s. 164, Understanding History by John Child, Paul Shuter, David Taylor - Page 70. "Alhazen, a Persian scientist, showed that the eye saw light from other objects. This started optics, the science of light. The Arabs also studied astronomy, the study of the stars. "
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Suburb of Port Stephens Council, New South Wales, AustraliaEast SeahamNew South WalesWelcome to East Seaham signEast SeahamCoordinates32°38′24″S 151°44′54″E / 32.64000°S 151.74833°E / -32.64000; 151.74833Population353 (SAL 2021)[2]Postcode(s)2324Area37.6 km2 (14.5 sq mi)[Note 1]Time zoneAEST (UTC+10) • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11)Location 178 km (111 mi) N of Sydney 38 km (24 mi) NNW of Newcastle 13...
Mythical food of the Greek gods For other uses, see Ambrosia (disambiguation). Look up ambrosia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. The Food of the Gods on Olympus (1530), majolica dish attributed to Nicola da Urbino In the ancient Greek myths, ambrosia (/æmˈbroʊziə, -ʒə/, Ancient Greek: ἀμβροσία 'immortality') is the food or drink of the Greek gods,[1] and is often depicted as conferring longevity or immortality upon whoever consumed it.[2] It was brought to th...
Latvian award AwardCommemorative Medal for Participants of the Barricades of 1991Front side of the medal.TypeCampaign medalEstablished1991First awarded20 January 1996Last awardedOctober 2011Ribbon bar of the medal The Commemorative Medal for Participants of the Barricades of 1991 (Latvian: 1991. gada barikāžu dalībnieka piemiņas zīme) is a Latvian state award given to people who participated in or supported the actions of those who took part in the defense of Latvia against forces loyal ...
School in Buffalo, Erie County, New York, United StatesNardin AcademyAddress135 Cleveland AvenueBuffalo, Erie County, New York 14222United StatesInformationFormer nameSt. Mary's Academy and Industrial Female SchoolType Private Grades K-8 Coeducational Grades 9-12 Girls High School Established1857FounderErnestine Nardin, DHMCEEB code331075NCES School IDY1985845PresidentSandra BettersChairpersonTish Van DykePrincipalColleen Robertson (high school), Christopher Pitek (middle school), Monica Padm...