DNA barkodlama

DNA barkod şeması

DNA barkodlama, DNA'nın belirli, kısa bir bölümü kullanılarak yapılan bir tür tanımlama yöntemidir. Organizmaların genomlarındaki küçük farklılıklardan faydalanarak tıpkı marketlerde satılan ürünlerin de üzerinde olduğu gibi o türe ait bir barkod oluşturulabilir.[1] Bu "barkodlar" bazenleri bilinmeyen türleri tanımlamak, mümkün olduğu kadar çok taksonu kataloglamak veya tür sınırlarını belirlemek için geleneksel taksonomiyle karşılaştırmak amacıyla kullanılır.[2]

Farklı organizma gruplarını barkod kullanarak tanımlamak için farklı gen bölgeleri kullanılır. Hayvanlar ve bazı protistler için en yaygın kullanılan barkod bölgesi, mitokondriyal DNA'da bulunan sitokrom c oksidaz I (COI veya COX1) geninin bir kısmıdır. DNA barkodlaması için uygun diğer genler, mantarlar için sıklıkla kullanılan internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA ve bitkiler için kullanılan RuBisCO'dur.[3][4][5] Mikroorganizmalar farklı gen bölgeleri kullanılarak tespit edilir. Örneğin 16S rRNA geni prokaryotların tanımlanmasında yaygın olarak kullanılırken, 18S rRNA geni çoğunlukla mikrobiyal ökaryotların saptanması için kullanılır. Bu gen bölgeleri, türler arası varyasyona göre daha az tür içi varyasyona sahip oldukları için seçilmiştir ve "Barcoding Gap" olarak da bilinir.[6]

DNA barkodlama, çiçekleri veya meyveleri mevcut olmadığında bile bitkinin yapraklarının tanımlanması; polen yayan hayvanların vücutlarında toplanan polenlerin tanımlanması; yetişkinlere göre daha az tanısal karaktere sahip olabilen böcek larvalarının tanımlanması veya bir hayvanın mide içeriğine, tükürüğüne veya dışkısına göre beslenmesinin araştırılması gibi uygulamaları içerir.[7] Barkodlama, birden fazla organizmanın DNA'sını içeren bir numuneden organizmaları tanımlamak için kullanıldığında, DNA metabar kodlaması terimi kullanılır.[8][9] Örneğin, su kalitesini değerlendirmek için nehirlerdeki ve akarsulardaki diatom topluluklarının DNA metabar kodlamasının kullanılması.[10]

Kaynakça

  1. ^ "What is DNA Barcoding?". iBOL. 7 Mart 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 26 Mart 2019. 
  2. ^ Kress, W. John; Erickson, David L., (Ed.) (2012). DNA Barcodes: Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology (İngilizce). 858. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-591-6. ISBN 978-1-61779-590-9. 
  3. ^ Irinyi, L.; Lackner, M.; de Hoog, G. S.; Meyer, W. (2015). "DNA barcoding of fungi causing infections in humans and animals". Fungal Biology. 120 (2). ss. 125-136. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2015.04.007. PMID 26781368. 
  4. ^ Schoch, Conrad L.; Seifert, Keith A.; Huhndorf, Sabine; Robert, Vincent; Spouge, John L.; Levesque, C. André; Chen, Wen; Fungal Barcoding Consortium (2012). "Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (16). ss. 6241-6246. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117018109Özgürce erişilebilir. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3341068 $2. PMID 22454494. 7 Temmuz 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 4 Ocak 2024. 
  5. ^ CBOL Plant Working Group; Hollingsworth, P. M.; Forrest, L. L.; Spouge, J. L.; Hajibabaei, M.; Ratnasingham, S.; van der Bank, M.; Chase, M. W.; Cowan, R. S. (4 Ağustos 2009). "A DNA barcode for land plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (31). ss. 12794-12797. doi:10.1073/pnas.0905845106Özgürce erişilebilir. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2722355 $2. PMID 19666622. 
  6. ^ Paulay, Gustav; Meyer, Christopher P. (29 Kasım 2005). "DNA Barcoding: Error Rates Based on Comprehensive Sampling". PLOS Biology. 3 (12). ss. e422. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030422Özgürce erişilebilir. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 1287506 $2. PMID 16336051. 
  7. ^ Soininen, Eeva M; Valentini, Alice; Coissac, Eric; Miquel, Christian; Gielly, Ludovic; Brochmann, Christian; Brysting, Anne K; Sønstebø, Jørn H; Ims, Rolf A (2009). "Analysing diet of small herbivores: the efficiency of DNA barcoding coupled with high-throughput pyrosequencing for deciphering the composition of complex plant mixtures". Frontiers in Zoology. 6 (1). s. 16. doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-16Özgürce erişilebilir. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 2736939 $2. PMID 19695081. 
  8. ^ Creer, Simon; Deiner, Kristy; Frey, Serita; Porazinska, Dorota; Taberlet, Pierre; Thomas, W. Kelley; Potter, Caitlin; Bik, Holly M. (2016). Freckleton, Robert (Ed.). "The ecologist's field guide to sequence-based identification of biodiversity" (PDF). Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 7 (9). ss. 1008-1018. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12574. 21 Haziran 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 4 Ocak 2024. 
  9. ^ Leese, Florian; ve diğerleri. (January 2018). "Why We Need Sustainable Networks Bridging Countries, Disciplines, Cultures and Generations for Aquatic Biomonitoring 2.0: A Perspective Derived from the DNAqua-Net COST Action". Advances in Ecological Research. Cilt 58. ss. 63-99. doi:10.1016/bs.aecr.2018.01.001. hdl:1822/72852Özgürce erişilebilir. ISBN 9780128139493. 
  10. ^ Vasselon, Valentin; Rimet, Frédéric; Tapolczai, Kálmán; Bouchez, Agnès (2017). "Assessing ecological status with diatoms DNA metabarcoding: Scaling-up on a WFD monitoring network (Mayotte island, France)". Ecological Indicators. Cilt 82. ss. 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.06.024. ISSN 1470-160X. 

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