Civitate Muharebesi
Civitate Muharebesi (Civitella del Fortore Muharebesi olarak da bilinir) Güney İtalya'da 18 Haziran 1053 günü Puglia Kontu Humphrey of Hauteville komutasında Normanlar ile Papa IX. Leo tarafından bir araya getirilip Lorraine Dükü Gerard ile Benevento Prensi Rudolf tarafından komuta edilen Svabya-İtalyan-Lombardlar arasında gerçekleşen ve Normanların galip geldiği savaştır.
Kaynakça
- Birincil kaynaklar
- İkincil kaynaklar
- Brown, Gordon S. The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily. Jefferson NC: McFarland, 2003.
- Eads, Valerie. "Civitate, Battle of," in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Edited by Clifford J. Rogers. Vol. 1. Oxford: University Press, 2010. pp. 402–403.
- Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris: 1907.
- Joranson, Einar. "The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy: Legend and History. 12 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi." Speculum, Vol. 23, No. 3. (Jul., 1948), pp. 353–396.
- Le Patourel, John. "Normans and Normandy," in Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Edited by Joseph R. Strayer. Vol. 9. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1989. pp. 159–170.
- Loud, Graham Alexander. "Continuity and change in Norman Italy: the Campania during the eleventh and twelfth centuries." Journal of Medieval History, Vol. 22, No. 4 (December, 1996), pp. 313–343.
- Loud, Graham Alexander. "How 'Norman' was the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy?" Nottingham Medieval Studies, Vol. 25 (1981), pp. 13–34.
- Loud, Graham Alexander. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. New York: Longman, 2000.
- Meschini, Marco, Battaglie Medievali, pp. 13–36.
- Norwich, John Julius. The Other Conquest. New York: Harper and Row, 1967.
Dış bağlantılar
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