Batı Roma İmparatorluğu'nun çöküşü

Milattan sonra 476 yılında Avrupa'nın haritası

MS 5. yüzyılda Akdeniz'de meydana gelen büyük değişiklik genelde Roma'nın çöküşü olarak adlandırılır. Yüzyılın başında Roma İmparatorluğu hâlâ Büyük Britanya'dan Büyük Sahra'ya, İspanya'dan Orta Doğu'ya kadar uzanmaktaydı.[1]

Ancak yüzyılın sonunda Roma İmparatorluğu'nun batı eyaletleri barbar kralların eline geçmişti.[1] Bu değişimin kesin nedenleri bilim insanlarını yüzyıllarca uğraştırmış olmasına rağmen bazı ipuçları seçilmektedir.

Roma İmparatorluğu'nun 4. yüzyıl başlarında özellikle batı eyaletlerine olmak üzere, Kavimler Göçü sonucunda Roma İmparatorluğu'nun topraklarını istila eden barbarların büyük göçleriyle karşılaşması, politik olarak parçalanmasına yol açmıştır.[1] Roma'da çok yaygınlaşan ahlaksızlık, iç mücadele, Hristiyanlığın doğuşu, mezhep kavgaları ve Kavimler göçü sonucu imparatorluk topraklarını istila eden barbar kavimlerin saldırıları sebebiyle zayıflayıp 395 yılında ikiye ayrılan Roma İmparatorluğu'nun batı kısmı da bu gibi sebeplere bağlı olarak devamlı gerilemiştir.[1]

Bunun sonucunda Batı Roma'da idare imparatorların elinden çıkıp, özel muhafızlara kumanda eden generallerin eline geçti. Alarik komutasında Vizigotlar, Adriyatik kıyılarını 397 yılında ele geçirdiler, bilahare 410 yılında Roma'yı yağmaladılar. Franklar, Kuzey Galya'yı (406); Burguntlar, Savoia'yı (443) işgal ettiler. Vandallar, Galya ve İspanya'yı kırıp geçirdikten sonra Afrika'ya geçtiler. Afrika'dan Roma'ya geçip şehri tekrar yağmaladılar. İtalya'ya giren Hunları, Papa I. Leo ancak haraç vererek durdurabildi (452). İtalya'da idare yerel aşiretlerin eline geçip, imparatorların hiçbir gücü kalmadı. Vizigotlardan Odoakr adlı bir aşiret reisi, İmparator Romulus Augustus'u 476'da tahtından indirdi. Odoakr, imparatorluk alametlerini Bizans'a göndererek, kendisini İtalya kralı ilan etti. Böylece Batı Roma İmparatorluğu da resmen tarihe karışmış oldu.

Kaynakça

  1. ^ a b c d Beard, Mary (2015). SPQR: a history of ancient Rome (1. bas.). New York: 978-0871404237. ISBN 978-0871404237. 

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