Allotrop

Elmas ve grafit, karbonun iki allotropudur: aynı elementin kristal yapı bakımından farklılık gösteren saf formları.

Allotrop (Yunanca'da "diğer" anlamına gelen ἄλλος (allos) sözcüğü ile biçim anlamına gelen τρόπος (tropos) sözcüklerininden oluşur), aynı elementin uzayda farklı şekilde dizilerek farklı geometrik şekillerdeki kristallerine denir. Örneğin; grafit - elmas, beyaz fosfor (P4) - kırmızı fosfor (P8), rombik allotrop kükürt (S4) - monoklinik kükürt (S8), ozon (O3) -oksijen (O2), kireç taşı - mermer, gri (alfa) kalay - beyaz (beta) kalay birbirinin allotropudur.

Karbon elementinin allotropları olan grafitin karbon bağları zayıf, elmasınkiler ise çok güçlüdür.

Allotrop moleküllerin hem kimyasal özelliklerinin birçoğu hem de fiziksel özelliklerinin tümü birbirinden farklıdır. Sadece aynı maddeyle tepkimeye girdiklerinde oluşturacakları bileşikler aynıdır. Ancak reaksiyona girme aktiviteleri farklıdır.

  • C(elmas) + O2 → CO2 (Yavaş gerçekleşir)
  • C(grafit) + O2 → CO2 (Hızlı gerçekleşir)

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