Supinum

Supinum är en böjningsform för verb. Den förekommer i latin, sanskrit och ett antal moderna indoeuropeiska språk.

Supinum i olika språk

Supinum i svenskan

Supinum är i svenskan den verbform som tillsammans med hjälpverbet "ha" bildar perfekt och pluskvamperfekt, till exempel "jag har ropat", "hon hade rest". Ett verb i supinum slutar oftast på bokstaven "t".[1] Den skiljer sig från neutrumformen av perfekt particip endast i fjärde konjugationen, där det slutar på -it (han har funnit bordet) medan den senare formen slutar på -et (bordet är funnet). Stavningsmässigt har det dock tidigare funnits en skillnad även i första konjugationen: han hafver målat huset – huset är måladt.

Supinum används också som beteckning för vissa infinita verbformer i andra språk, exempelvis latin, som dock skiljer sig i funktion från den svenska, ofta genom att motsvara avsiktsbetecknande infinitiv.

Det speciella med svenskans supinumform är att den används uteslutande för perfekt och pluskvamperfekt – till skillnad från perfekt particip som även kan ha andra användningar till exempel som adjektivattribut.

Utelämnat hjälpverb i bisatser

En praktisk fördel med supinum är därför att det utan risk för missförstånd går att hoppa över "har" respektive "hade" i bisatser. Observera att dessa hjälpverb behövs i huvudsatser – men bara för att skilja mellan perfekt och pluskvamperfekt. När det gäller bisatser kan man vanligen utgå från att de följer huvudsatsens tempus. Det vill säga om huvudsatsens predikat är i presens så står supinum i bisatsen för ett underförstått "har"; om huvudsatsens predikat är i imperfekt så står supinum i bisatsen för ett underförstått "hade".

Exempel

Han är blöt i håret, eftersom han just (har) duschat.

Han var blöt i håret, eftersom han just (hade) duschat.

Se även

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ "Verbets former", ordklasser.se, Läst 2014-07-15.

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