Konformacioni izomerizam

Konformeri butana, prikazani u Njumanovoj projekciji.

Konformaciona izomerija je forma stereoizomerije u kojoj izomeri mogu preći jedan u drugi ekskluzivno putem rotacije oko jednostrukih veza.[1] Takvi izomeri se generalno nazivaju konformacionim izomerima ili konformerima, i specifično rotamerima[2] kad se razlikuju po rotaciji oko samo jedne veze. Konformacioni izomeri su razlikuju od drugih klasa stereoizomera kod kojih je za interkonverziju neohodno raskidanje i ponovno formiranje hemijskih veza. Rotaciona barijera je energija aktivacije koja je neohodna za interkonverziju rotamera.

Tipovi konformacionog izomerizma

Postojanje više od jedne konformacije, obično sa različitim energijama, je posledica rotacije oko hemijskih veza. Butan ima tri rotamera: dva gauche konformera, koji su enantiomerni i jedan anti konformer, kod koga su četiri ugljenična centra koplanarna. Tri konformacije sa diedralnim uglovima od 0°, 120° i 240° se ne smatraju rotamerima, nego tranzicionim sta++njima.

Primeri konformacionog izomerizma su:

  1. Linearna konformacija alkana
  2. Konformacija prstena
  3. Atropizomerizam - usled ograničene rotacije oko veze, molekul može da bude hiralan.
  4. Uvijanje molekula, pri čemu su neki oblici stabilni i funkcionalni, a drugi nisu.

Ravnotežna populacija konformera

Bolcmanova distribucija % konformera najniže energije u dve komponente sistema u ravnoteži na različitim temperaturama (stepeni Celzijusa, boja) i razlika energije u kcal/mol (x-osa

Populacija različitih konformera sledi Bolcmanovu distribuciju:

Na levoj strani je ravnotežni odnos broja konformera i i totalnog broja konformera. je relativna energija i-tog konformera u odnosu na konformer minimalne energije. je relativna energija k-tog konformera u odnosu na konformer minimalne energije. R je molarna konstanta idealnog gasa (8.31 J/(mol·K)), i T je temperature u Kelvinima (K). Delilac na desnoj strani je particiona funkcija.

Literatura

  1. ^ IUPAC definition of a conformer Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (21. децембар 2010).
  2. ^ IUPAC (1996). „Rotamer”. Kompendijum hemijske terminologije (Internet izdanje).

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