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Javno pravo je deo prava koja uređuje odnose između pravnih lica i vlade,^[1] između različitih institucija u državi, između različitih grana vlade,^[2] i odnosa između osoba koje su od direktnog interesa za društvo. Javno pravo obuhvata ustavno pravo, upravno pravo, poresko pravo i krivično pravo,^[1] kao i celo procesno pravo. (Zakoni koji se tiču odnosa između pojedinaca pripadaju privatnom pravu.)

Razlika između javnog i privatnog prava datira još od rimskog prava, gde ju je prvi naglasio rimski pravnik Ulpijan (oko 170 - 228).^[3] On je kasnije bilo usvojeno da označava pravne sisteme kako zemalja koje se pridržavaju građansko-pravne tradicije, tako i onih koje se pridržavaju tradicije aglosaksonskog prava.

Istorija javnog prava

Razliku između javnog i privatnog prava prvi je napravio rimski pravnik Ulpijan, koji u Institutima tvrdi (u odlomku koji je Justinijan sačuvao u Digestu) da je „javno pravo ono koje poštuje uspostavljanje rimskog komonvelta, privatno ono što poštuje interese pojedinaca, pri čemu su neka pitanja su javni, a druga privatni interes”. Štaviše, on javno pravo definiše kao zakon koji se odnosi na verska pitanja, sveštenstvo i državne službe.^[4] Rimsko pravo je zakon shvatalo kao niz odnosa između osoba i osoba, osoba i stvari, i osoba i države. Javno pravo sastojalo se od poslednjeg od ova tri odnosa.^[5] Međutim, rimski pravnici su malo pažnje posvetili ovoj oblasti i umesto toga usredsredili su se uglavnom na područja privatnog prava. Javno pravo je bilo od velike važnosti u tevtonskom društvu, kako je primetio nemački pravni istoričar Oto fon Girke, koji je definisao Tevtonce kao očeve javnog prava.^[6]

Povlačenje granice između javnog i privatnog prava uglavnom je izgubilo na značaju u narednom milenijumu,^[7] iako se, kako primećuje Ernst Kantorovič, u srednjem veku javila zabrinutost zbog rimske zamisli res publica svojstvene pravnoj fikciji dva kraljeva tela.^[8] Međutim, pravni filozofi tokom ovog perioda delovali su uglavnom sa teolozima koji su delovali u domenu kanonskog prava, i umesto toga brinuli su se o razlikama između božanskog, prirodnog i ljudskog prava.^[9] Podjela u zakonu na „javno/privatno” vratiće se tek u 17. i 18. veku. Pojavom nacionalne države i novim teorijama suvereniteta, pojmovi o izrazito javnom domenu počeli su da se kristališu. Međutim, potraživanja monarha, a kasnije i parlamenata, prema neobuzdanoj moći donošenja zakona podstakle su pokušaje uspostavljanja izrazito privatne sfere koja bi zauzvrat bila slobodna od zadiranja u državne vlasti.^[10]

Oblasti javnog prava

Ustavno pravo

U modernim državama, ustavno pravo postavlja temelje države. Iznad svega, postulira nadmoć zakona u funkcionisanju države - vladavine prava.

Drugo, ono utvrđuje oblik vladavine - kako funkcionišu različite grane vlasti, kako se biraju ili imenuju i podelu vlasti i odgovornosti između njih. Tradicionalno, osnovni elementi vlasti su izvršna, zakonodavna i sudska vlast.

I treće, ustoavno pravo opisuje koja su osnovna ljudska prava, koja moraju biti zaštićena za svaku osobu, i koja dalja građanska i politička prava imaju građani. Ono postavlja osnovne granice onoga što bilo koja vlada mora, a ne sme da radi.

U većini uprava ustavni zakon je sadržan u pisanom dokumentu, ustavu, ponekad zajedno sa amandmanima ili drugim ustavnim zakonima. Međutim, u nekim zemljama takav vrhunski ukorenjeni pisani dokument ne postoji iz istorijskih i političkih razloga - Ustav Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva je nepisan.

Upravno pravo

Upravno pravo odnosi se na skup zakona koji regulišu birokratske upravljačke postupke i definiše ovlašćenja upravnih agencija. Ove zakone sprovodi izvršna vlast vlade, a ne sudska ili zakonodavna (ako su različite u toj određenoj nadležnosti). Ovo telo zakona reguliše međunarodnu trgovinu, proizvodnju, zagađenje, oporezivanje i slično. Ovo se ponekad posmatra kao potkategorija građanskog prava, a ponekad kao javno pravo, jer se bavi regulativom i javnim institucijama.

Krivično pravo

Poresko pravo

Poresko pravo je prvi put postalo područje javnog prava tokom 17. veka, kao posledica novih teorija suvereniteta koje su počele da se pojavljuju. Do tada porezi su se po zakonu smatrali poklonima, koje je državi dao privatni donator - poreski obveznik.^[11] Sada se to smatra područjem javnog prava, jer se tiče odnosa između osoba i države.

Reference

^ ^а ^б Elizabeth A. Martin (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Law (7th изд.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198607563.
^ Forcese, Craig; Dodek, Adam; Bryant, Philip; Carver, Peter; Haigh, Richard; Liston, Mary; MacIntosh, Constance (2015). Public Law: Cases, Commentary and Analysis (Third изд.). Toronto, ON: Emond Montgomery Publishing Ltd. стр. 4. ISBN 978-1-55239-664-3.
^ Cherednychenko, Olha. Fundamental Rights, Contract Law, and Protection of the Weaker Party. Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrecht University Institute for Legal Studies. стр. 21. hdl:1874/20945.
^ Justinian; Watson, Alan (1985). The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. стр. 1. ISBN 978-0-8122-2033-9.
^ Cherednychenko, стр. 21-22. sfn грешка: више циљева (2×): CITEREFCherednychenko (help)
^ Cohen, Morris (1927). „Property and Sovereignty”. Cornell Law Review. 13 (1): 8. Приступљено 7. 8. 2020.
^ Cherednychenko, стр. 22. sfn грешка: више циљева (2×): CITEREFCherednychenko (help)
^ Kantorowicz, Ernst (10. 5. 2016). The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Theology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16923-1.
^ Aquinas, Thomas (2000). Treatise on Law. Indianapolis, IN: Hacket Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-548-2.
^ Horwitz, Morton (1982). „The History of the Public/Private Distinction”. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 130 (6): 1423. JSTOR 3311976. doi:10.2307/3311976. Приступљено 28. 6. 2020.
^ Horwitz, стр. 1423-1424.

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Spoljašnje veze

Ridgeway, H. W. (2010) [2004]. „Henry III (1207–1272)”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online изд.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/12950. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)