Haićanska revolucija

Haićanska revolucija
Deo francuskih revolucionarnih i Napoleonskih ratova

Bitka kod San Dominga, slika Januara Suhodloskog koja prikazuje sukob poljskih legionara u francsukoj službi sa haićanskim revolucionarima
Vreme:21. avgust 1791 – 1. januar 1804
Mesto:San Domingo
Ishod:

Haićanska pobeda

Teritorijalne
promene:
uspostavljeno nezavisno Carstvo Haiti
Sukobljene strane
1791–1793
Bivši robovi
francuski rojalisti
Španija (od 1793)
1791–1793
Robovlasnici
Kraljevina Francuska (do 1792)
Francuska Republika
1793–1798
francuski rojalisti
Kraljevstvo Velika Britanija
Španija (do 1796)

1793–1798
Francuska

1798–1801
Luverturovi lojalisti

1798–1801

Rigaudovi lojalisti
Španija
1802–1804
Bivši robovi
Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo

1802–1804
Francuska

Spain
Komandanti i vođe
1791–1793
Duti Bukman 
Žorž Bizo
Vinsent Ože Погубљен
Andre Rigo

1793–1798
Pol-Luis Dubuk
Tomas Mejtland
Žoakin Moreno

1798–1801
Tusen-Luvertir

1802–1804
Tusen
Luvertir
 Предао се
Žan-Žak Desalin
Henri Kristof
Aleksandar Petion
Fransoa Kanoas
Džon Dakvort
Džon Loring
1791–1793
Vikont de Blanšeland
Leger-Felisit Sontonaks

1793–1798
Tusen-Luvertir
Andre Rižo
Aleksanar Petion

1798–1801
Andre Rižo

1802–1804
Napoleon Bonaparta
Šarl Lekler 
Vikont de Rošambo Предао се
Vilare de Žoajez
Federiko Gravina
Jačina
redovne trupe: 55.000,
dobrovoljci: 100,000+
31,000[1]
redovne trupe: 60.000,
86 linijskih brodova i fregata
Žrtve i gubici
Haićani: 200.000 mrtvih[2]
Britanci: 45.000 mrtvih[2]
Francuska: 75.000 mrtvih[2]
Beli kolonisti: 25.000 mrtvih[2]

Haićanska revolucija (фр. Révolution haïtienne) je naziv za niz međusobno povezanih oružanih sukoba koji su se odigrali na karipskom ostrvu Hispaniola od 1791. do 1804. godine,[3] a koji su doveli do prestanka dotadašnje francuske vlasti nad zapadnim delom ostrva, kolonijom San Domingo, odnosno uspostavom nezavisne države Haiti. Započeo je kao ustanak tamošnjih, pretežno crnih i mulatskih robova protiv francuskih belih robovlasnika, velikim delom podstaknut revolucionarnim zbivanjima u samoj Francuskoj, odnosno proklamiranim idealima o ljudskim i građanskim pravima koja su uključivala ukidanje ropstva. Sukob je bio iskomplikovan kako frakcijskim sukobima među samim Haićanima, tako i izbijanjem francuskih revolucionarnih ratova zbog kojih su se u sukob na Haitiju umešale Britanija i Španija. U završnoj fazi su se bivši robovi na čelu sa Fransoa Dominik Tusen-Luvertirom i Žan-Žakom Desalinom okrenuli protiv Napoleona Bonaparte i 1803. godine razbili poslednji francuski pokušaj uspostave vlasti nad ostrvom, a počekom 1804. su proglasili nezavisnost. Haiti je tako, uz SAD, postao najstarija nezavisna država zapadne hemisfere, a Haićanska revolucija se često navodi kao jedini uspešni ustanak robova u istoriji.[4] Danas je na široko prihvaćena kao odlučujući trenutak u istoriji rasizma u Atlantskom svetu.[5]

Reference

  1. ^ Madiou, Thomas (1848). Histoire d'Haiti Volume 3 of Histoire d'Haïti [1492]-. J. Courtois. стр. 313. 
  2. ^ а б в г Scheina. Latin America's Wars. Potomac Books. стр. 1772. 
  3. ^ Hochschild, Adam (2005). Bury the Chains. Houghton Mifflin. стр. 257. 
  4. ^ Knight, Franklin W. (februar 2000). „The Haitian Revolution”. The American Historical Review. 105 (1): 103—115. doi:10.2307/2652438. 
  5. ^ Joseph, Celucien L. (2012). „'The Haitian Turn': An Appraisal of Recent Literary and Historiographical Works on the Haitian Revolution”. Journal of Pan African Studies. 5 (6): 37—55. 

Literatura

  • Leyburn, James (1961). The Haitian People. Yale University Press. 
  • Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them. Edison: CastleBooks. 
  • Baur, John. "International Repercussions of the Haitian Revolution." The Americas 26, no. 4 (1970).
  • Blackburn, Robin. "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution", William and Mary Quarterly 63.4, 633–674 (2006)
  • Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). The Haitian Revolution and Its Effects. Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-98301-7. Приступљено 15. 5. 2015. 
  • Censer,Jack Richard; Hunt, Lynn Avery (2001). Liberty, Equality, Fraternity Exploring the French Revolution. Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02088-4. 
  • Dubois, Laurent (2005). Avengers of the New World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01826-6. 
  • Dubois, Laurent; Garrigus, John D. (2006). Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, 1789–1804 A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/st Martins. ISBN 978-0-312-41501-3. 
  • Fick, Carolyne "The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom: defining citizenship in the revolutionary era". Social History, Vol 32. No 4, November 2007
  • Garrigus, John D. (2006). Before Haiti Race and Citizenship in French Saint-Domingue. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7140-1. 
  • Geggus, David Patrick (2001). The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-416-9. 
  • Girard, Philippe. "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States," William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87–124.
  • Girard, Philippe. "Napoléon Bonaparte and the Emancipation Issue in Saint-Domingue, 1799–1803," French Historical Studies 32:4 (Fall 2009), 587–618.
  • Girard, Philippe R. (2011). The slaves who defeated Napoleon : Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1732-4. 
  • Girard, Philippe. "Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal," William and Mary Quarterly (July 2012).
  • Cyril Lionel Robert James (1989). The Black Jacobins Toussaint Louverture and the San Domingo Revolution (2nd изд.). Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-72467-4. 
  • Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)
  • Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)
  • Ott, Thomas O. The Haitian Revolution, 1789–1804. University of Tennessee Press, 1973.
  • Joseph Elisée Peyre-Ferry (2006). Journal des opérations militaires de l'armée française à Saint-Domingue 1802–1803 sous les ordres des capitaines-généraux Leclerc et Rochambeau. Les Editions de Paris-Max Chaleil. ISBN 978-2-84621-052-2. 
  • Popkin, Jeremy D., You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010)
  • Jeffers, Jen (2016) „Freedom At All Cost: Remembering History's Greatest Slave Rebellion”. The Raven Report. 
  • Scott, Julius S. (2018). The Common Wind: Afro-American Currents in the Age of the Haitian Revolution. Verso Books. ISBN 9781788732475. 
  • Manuel Barcia (јун 2020). „From Revolution to Recognition: Haiti's Place in the Post-1804 Atlantic World”. The American Historical Review. 125 (3). doi:10.1093/ahr/rhaa240. 

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