Монопол

Монопол (од грчких речи грч. μόνος и грч. πωλεῖν) тржишно је стање у којем се на страни понуде налази само један продавац који је у могућности да одлучујуће утиче на формирање цена, а на страни потражње налази се мноштво купаца без могућности избора другог добављача и утицаја на цену.[1] За монополисту не важи маргинално правило. Монополистичка позиција на тржишту омогућава му да максимизира профит производећи ону количину производа и услуга за коју су маргинални трошкови једнаки маргиналном приходу.

Теоријски гледано и за монополисту важи маргинално правило, јер и монополиста производи до тачке у којој су маргинални трошкови једнаки маргиналном приходу. Међутим, разлика између монополисте и предузећа које послује у савршеној конкуренцији је тај што је крива маргиналног прихода код монополисте опадајућа. А опадајућа крива маргиналног прихода призилази из чињенице да је крива тражње код монополисте такође, опадајућа. Због наведених карактеристика кривих маргиналног прихода и тражње види се да монополиста може манипулисати ценом и производом. У сваком случају, ниво производње монопола је друштвено неефикасан.[2] Глагол монополизовати односи се на процес којим компанија стиче способност да подигне цене или искључи конкуренте. У економији, монопол је појединачни продавац. По правилу, монопол је пословни субјект који има значајну тржишну моћ, односно моћ наплате превисоких цена, што је повезано са смањењем друштвеног вишка.[3] Иако монополи могу бити велика предузећа, величина није карактеристика монопола. Мало предузеће може још увек да има моћ да подигне цене у малој индустрији (или на тржишту).[3]

Монополи се могу појавити природно због ограничене конкуренције, јер је индустрија ресурсно интензивна и захтијева знатне трошкове за рад (нпр. одређене жељезничке системе).

један два неколико
продаваца монопол дуопол олигопол
купаца монопсонија дуопсонија олигопсонија

Референце

  1. ^ Milton Friedman (фебруар 2002) [1962]. „VIII: Monopoly and the Social Responsibility of Business and Labor”. Capitalism and Freedom (paperback) (40th anniversary изд.). The University of Chicago Press. стр. 208. ISBN 0-226-26421-1. 
  2. ^ Blinder, Alan S; Baumol, William J; Gale, Colton L (јун 2001). „11: Monopoly”. Microeconomics: Principles and Policy (paperback). Thomson South-Western. стр. 212. ISBN 0-324-22115-0. „A pure monopoly is an industry in which there is only one supplier of a product for which there are no close substitutes and in which is very difficult or impossible for another firm to coexist 
  3. ^ а б Orbach, Barak; Campbell, Grace (2012). „The Antitrust Curse of Bigness”. Southern California Law Review. SSRN 1856553Слободан приступ. 

Литература

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  • Evans, Harold, ур. (2004). They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators. Little, Brown and Company. стр. 496. ISBN 0-316-27766-5. 
  • Cebula, R., & Clark, J. (2014). Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, Taxation, and Living Standards, MPRA Paper 58108, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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  • Shepherd, William, 1985. The Economics of Industrial Organization, Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-231481-9
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  • Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22–26, abstract links.
  • Richard A. Posner, 2001. Antitrust Law, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. Preview.
     • D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. "Antitrust Policy", International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, pp. 553–560.
  • Posner, Richard A. (22. 04. 2009). Antitrust Law, Second Edition. ISBN 9780226675787. Архивирано из оригинала 7. 1. 2017. г. Приступљено 10. 4. 2017. 
  • Avinash K. Dixit, 2008. "economic governance", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
     • Oliver E. Williamson, 1996. The Mechanisms of Governance, "Prologue", pp. 3–20.
  • George J. Stigler, 1983. The Organization of Industry, University of Chicago Press. Description and contents links and preview.
  • Richard Schmalensee, 1988. "Industrial Economics: An Overview", Economic Journal, 98(392), pp. 643–681. Working paper link.
  • Handbook of Industrial Organization, Elsevier: Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to „description & contents”. Архивирано из оригинала 02. 10. 2012. г.  & (partial) chapter outlines.
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  • Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value, 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press.
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