Tefnut

Tefnut
Boginja dežja, zraka, vlage, vremena, rose, plodnosti in vode
Boginja Tefnet, upodobljena kot ženska z glavo levijne in sončnim diskom na glavi
Ime v hieroglifih
t
f
n
t
I13
Kultno središčeHeliopol, Leontopol
Simbollevinja
Osebne informacije
StaršiRa/Amon in Iusas
SorojenciGeb in Nut
SorodnikiŠu, Hator, Maat
PartnerŠu

Tefnut je bila staroegipčanska boginja vlage, vlažnega zraka, rose in dežja.[1] Bila je sestra in žena boga zraka Šuja in mati Geba in Nut.

Etimologija

Dobeseden prevod njenega imena je Ta voda.[2] Povezano je z glagolom tfn, ki pomeni pljuniti,[3] rositi ali pršeti. Nekatere različice mita o stvaritvi sveta pravijo, da jo je izpljunil Ra/Amon, zato se je njeno ime v kasnejših besedilih pisalo kot pljuvajoča usta.[4]

Kot večina egipčanskih božanstev, vključno z njenim bratom Šujem, nima Nefnut niti enega ideograma ali simbola. Njeno ime v hieroglifih sestavljajo štirje glasovni simboli t-f-n-t. Čeprav fonogram n predstavlja valove na vodni površini, se nikoli ni uporabljal kot ideogram ali determinant za besedo voda (mw) ali kaj drugega, kar je povezano z njo.[5]

Mitološko poreklo

Menat, glasbeni instrument podoben sistru, s podobana boginje Tefnut in njenega moža-brata Šuja

Tefnut je bila hčerka sončnega boga Ra-Amona. Poročena je bila s svojim bratom Šujem in bila mati neba (Nut) in zemlje (Geb). Njeni vnuki so bili Oziris, Izida (Vesir), Set (Aset), Neftis (Nebthet) in v nekaterih različicah Hor starejši (Heru Ver). Bila je tudi stara mati Hora mlajšega (Heru-sa-Aset). Skupaj z očetom, bratom, otroki, vnuki in pravnuki je bila članica heliopolske Eneade.

O ustvarjenju Tefnut in njenega dvojčka, brata Šuja, obstajajo številni miti. V vseh različicah je Tefnut produkt partenogeneze. Vse različice vključujejo tudi nekaj različnih telesnih tekočin.

V heliopolskem mitu o stvaritvi je sončni bog Amon masturbiral in ustvaril Tefnut in Šuja.[6][7]

V nekaterih različicah mita je Amon pogoltnil svojo spermo in jo nato izpljunil in s tem ustvaril dvojčka. V nekaterih različicah je izpljunil slino.</ref>[7]

Besedila na krstah vsebujejo navedke, da je bil Šu izkihan iz Amonovega nosa, Tefnut pa izpljunjena kot slina. Bremner-Rindov papirus in Memfiška teologija opisujejo Amona, ki masturbira v svoja usta in izpljune spermo kot dvojčka Tefnut in Šuja.[8]

Ikonografija

Tefnut je bila levje božanstvo in se je kot članice heliopolske Eneade upodabljala kot ženska z glavo levinje. Upodablja se tudi kot levinja ali ženska. V svoji človeški ali polčloveški obliki je nosila lasuljo z uraeusom s kačo ali uraeusom in sončnim diskom. Včasih je upodobljena kot kača z levjo glavo ali ženska z dvema glavama, od katerih je druga bratova.[9]

Med osemnajsto in devetnajsto dinastijo, zlasti v amarnskem obdobju, se je Tefnut upodabljala v človeški obliki z nizko plosko pričesko, iz katere so rasle rastline. Podobno pričesko je nosila Ehnatonova mati Tija, ki se je istovetila s Hator-Nefnut. Za ikonsko modro krono faraonove žene Nefertiti arheolog Joyce Tyldesley domneva, da izhaja iz Tijine pričeske in morda kaže, da so jo istovetili s Tefnut.[10]

Kultna središča

Glavni Tefnutini kultni središči sta bili Heliopol in Leontopol (sodobni Tel el-Muqdam). V Heliopolu je bila članica mestne Velike eneade.[9] Omenjala se je v povezavi s čiščenjem wabeta (svečenika) kot del tempeljskega obredja. V mestu je imela svetišče z imenom Spodnji Menset.[1]

Vstopil sem k tebi
z Velikim za seboj
in (mojo) čistostjo pred menoj:
šel sem mimo Tefnut,
ki me je oprala krivde,
in (zdaj) sem zares svečenik, sin svečenika tega templja.
Berlinski papirus 3055[11]

V Karnaku je bila Tefnut članica Velike eneade. K njej so molili za zdravje in dobro počutje faraona.[12]

V Leontopolu v Nilovi delti so njo in Šuja častili kot par levov.[13]

Mitologija

Tefnut je bila povezana z drugimi boginjami levinjami kot Rajevo oko.[14] Kot levinja je predstavljala jezne in srdite aspekte. V besu naj bi pobegnila v Nubijo, od koder jo je nazaj pripeljal Tot.[4] V zgodnjih piramidnih besedilih naj bi bila njena vagina vir čistih voda.[15]

Sklici

  1. 1,0 1,1 The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart, ISBN 0-415-34495-6.
  2. Collier, Mark; Manley (1999). How to read Egyptian Hieroglyphs. Bill. London: British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-1910-5.
  3. Tefnut. Henadology.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London : Thames & Hudson. str. 183. COBISS 12865081. ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
  5. Betro, Maria Carmela (1996). Hieroglyphics: The Writings of Ancient Egypt. Abbeville Press. str. 163. ISBN 0-7892-0232-8.
  6. Hassan, Fekri A (1998). 5. V Lucy Goodison, Christine Morris. Ancient Goddesses. London: British Museum Press. str. 107. ISBN 0-7141-1761-7.
  7. 7,0 7,1 Watterson, Barbara (2003). Gods of Ancient Egypt. Sutton Publishing. str. 27. ISBN 0-7509-3262-7.
  8. Pinch, Geraldine (2002). Handbook of Egyptian Mythology. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-242-8.
  9. 9,0 9,1 Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. London : Thames & Hudson. str. 183. COBISS 12865081. ISBN 0-500-05120-8.
  10. Tyldesley, Joyce (2005). Nefertiti: Egypt's Sun Queen (2. izdaja). Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0140258202. Pridobljeno 17. januarja 2016.
  11. Hays, H.M (2009). Nyord R, Kyolby A, ur. Between Identity and Agency in Ancient Egyptian Ritual. Leiden University Repository: Archaeopress: 15–30. hdl: 1887/15716. Obred 25 v Moret, Le Rituel de Cult, Pariz 1902.
  12. Meeks, Dimitri; Christine Favard-Meeks (1999). Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods. Pimlico. str. 128. ISBN 0-7126-6515-3.
  13. The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart. ISBN 0-415-34495-6,
  14. Watterson, Barbara (2003). Gods of Ancient Egypt. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-3262-7.
  15. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, prevod R.O. Faulkner, vrstica 2065 Utt. 685.

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