Levji človek iz Hohlenstein Stadel

Levji človek - figurina z levjo glavo najdena v Nemčiji in datirana v zgornji paleolitik (okoli 40.000 pred sedanjostjo)

Figurica z levjo glavo, prva se imenuje levji človek (nemško Löwenmensch), tudi levja ženska (nemško Löwenfrau), je slonokoščena skulptura, ki je najstarejša znana zoomorfna skulptura v svetu in najstarejši znan nesporen primer figuralne umetnosti. Skulptura se razlaga tudi kot antropomorfna, živali daje človeške lastnosti, čeprav to lahko predstavlja božanstvo. Za kipec velja da je star približno do 40.000 let [1], s karbonsko datacijo materiala iz istega sloja, v katerem je bil najden. Povezan je z Zgornje paleolitsko aurignaciansko kulturo [2]. Skulptura je 29,6 cm visoka, 5,6 cm široka in 5,9 cm debela. Izklesana je iz slonove kosti mamuta z uporabo kremenovega noža. Ima sedem vzporednih, prečnih, izrezljanih zarez na levi roki. Sedaj je v muzeju v Ulmu v Nemčiji.

Zgodovina

Koščke figurice so našli leta 1939 v jami z imenom Stadel-Höhle pri Hohlensteinu v dolini Lonetal v Schwäbische Alb, Nemčija. Zaradi začetka druge svetovne vojne, je bil pozabljen in ponovno odkrit trideset let pozneje. Prva rekonstrukcija je pokazala humanoidno figuro brez glave. Med letoma 1997 in 1998 so odkrili dodatni del kipa, glava je bila ponovno sestavljena in obnovljena.

Prvotno je Joachim Hahn kipec razvrstil kot moškega. Iz pregleda nekaterih dodatnih delov kipa najdenih kasneje, je Elisabeth Schmid odločila, da je to ženska z glava Höhlenlöwin (samica evropskega jamskega leva). Obe pojasnili nimata znanstvenih dokazov. Evropski jamski lev, samec in samica, nista imela izrazite grive, tako da njena odsotnost tukaj ne pomeni nujno, da je to levinja.

Sedaj starodavno figurino bolj pogosto imenujejo figurina z levjo glavo, namesto levji človek.

Razlaga je zelo težka. Skulptura deli nekatere podobnosti s francoskimi jamskimi stenskimi poslikavami, ki prikazujejo tudi hibridna bitja. Nemška skulptura pa je več tisoč let starejša od francoskih slik.

Po tem, ko je bil najden ta artefakt, je bil podoben, vendar manjši kipec z levjo glavo najden, skupaj z drugimi živalskimi figurami in nekaj flavtami, v drugi jami na istem območju Nemčije. To vodi k možnosti, da je levja figura igrala pomembno vlogo v mitologiji ljudi zgodnjega Zgornjega paleolitika. Skulpturo je mogoče videti v muzeju Ulmer v Ulmu v Nemčiji, čeprav se bo lahko preselila v načrtovani novi muzej paleolitika. Visoka je približno 31,1 cm.

Pomen odkritja

Levji človek je najstarejša znana umetnina, ki lahko kaže na mitološko bitje. Lahko je prikazan šaman, ki uporablja kožo leva in glavo in zadnje noge kot preobleko. Večina malih umetnin iz aurignacianske kulture so figure živali. Znani sta še dve drugi možni hibridni človeško-živalski figuri: v letu 2004 je mali brat (približno 2,5 cm) z levjim človekom najden v Höhle Fels pri Schelkingen v dolini Ach, tako imenovani Adorant iz Geißenklösterle je lahko kombinacija človeka in velikega mačka.

Poleg levjega človeka (Geißenklösterle in Hohler Fels, bližnji Schelklingen, Vogelherdhöhle jama v dolini Lone), so v le treh drugih jamah v Schwäbische Alb našli kipce iz mamutove slonove kosti, stare od 31.000 do 33.000 pr. n. št.. Domneva se, da je časovno in prostorsko omejen pojav na dva tisoč let, v katerih je bila razvita posebna oblika umetnosti ledenodobnih lovcev. Vse druge figure živali, kakor tudi Venera iz Höhle Felsa, najdena leta 2008, visoka 10 cm in s tem precej manjša od levjega človeka.

Glej tudi

Sklici

  1. Martin Bailey Ice Age Lion Man is world’s earliest figurative sculpture Arhivirano 2015-02-15 na Wayback Machine. The Art Newspaper, Jan 31, 2013, accessed Feb 01, 2013
  2. »arhivska kopija«. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 19. maja 2008. Pridobljeno 19. decembra 2014.

Literatura

  • Jill Cook: Ice Age Art: the Arrival of the Modern Mind. [... to accompany the exhibition of the British Museum from 7 February to 26 May 2013]. British Museum Press, London 2013, ISBN 978-0-7141-2333-2.
  • Nicole Ebinger-Rist, Claus-Joachim Kind, Sibylle Wolf, Kurt Wehrberger: Der Löwenmensch bekommt ein neues Gesicht. Auffindung und Restaurierung der Elfenbeinstatuette aus der Stadel-Höhle im Hohlenstein. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg. 42. Jg. 2013, Heft 4, S. 194–200.
  • H. Müller-Beck, N. J. Conrad, W. Schürle (Hrsg.): Eiszeitkunst, Anfänge der Kunst. Theiss Verlag, ISBN 3-8062-1674-6.
  • Ulmer Museum (Hrsg.): Der Löwenmensch. Tier und Mensch in der Kunst der Eiszeit. Begleitband zur Ausstellung (1994).
  • Ulmer Museum (Hrsg.): Der Löwenmensch. Geschichte – Magie – Mythos. Ulm 2005.

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