Wheat

Triticum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Pooideae
Tribe:	Triticeae
Genus:	Triticum L.
Species
T. aestivum T. aethiopicum T. araraticum T. boeoticum T. carthlicum T. compactum T. dicoccoides T. dicoccon T. durum T. ispahanicum T. karamyschevii T. macha T. militinae T. monococcum T. polonicum T. spelta T. sphaerococcum T. timopheevii T. turanicum T. turgidum T. urartu T. vavilovii T. zhukovskyi References:   Serial No. 42236 ITIS 2002-09-22

Wheat (Genus: Triticum) is a cereal grain. People eat it most often in the form of bread. It is a kind of grass whose fruit is a "head of wheat" with edible seeds. It was first grown in the Levant, a region of the Near East. Now it is cultivated worldwide.

World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined.^[1] Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food. It has a higher protein content than other major cereals such as maize (corn) or rice.^[2] In terms of total production, it is second to rice as the main human food crop and ahead of maize (maize is used more for animal feeds). Almost 800,000,000 tonnes are harvested every year.

Wheat was a key factor enabling the emergence of city-based societies at the start of civilization. It was one of the first crops that could be easily cultivated on a large scale, and its seeds could be stored for long periods in a dry climate. Wheat helped the growth of city-states in the Fertile Crescent, including the Babylonian, Assyrian and persian empires.

Wheat grain is a staple food used to make flour for leavened, flat and steamed breads, biscuits, cookies, cakes, breakfast cereal, pasta, noodles, couscous.^[3] It can also be fermented to make ethanol,^[4] for alcoholic drinks,^[5] or biofuel.^[6]

An allergy to wheat (mostly from its gluten) can cause coeliac disease, which makes the sufferer have diarrhoea if they eat any food containing wheat.

Description

The wheat plant has long, slender leaves, stems that are hollow in most types of wheat plants, and heads that have many kinds of flowers, from 20 to 100. The flowers are grouped together in spikelets. Each spikelet has two to six flowers. In most spikelets, two or three of the flowers become fertilized, and this makes them produce the grains used for food.^[7]

Cultivated species of wheat

All cultivated wheats have more than one normal diploid set of chromosomes. The increases in chromosome sets occurs naturally at a low rate. Because they have more chromosomes, their ears of wheat are larger. All man did was to select the plants with extra fat ears of wheat when they occurred. Now a whole range of cultivated wheats are available. These are just a few:

Hexaploid species (six sets of chromosomes)

• Common wheat or Bread wheat (T. aestivum) – A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world.
• Spelt (T. spelta) – Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities. Spelt is sometimes considered a subspecies of the closely related species common wheat (T. aestivum), in which case its botanical name is considered to be Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta.

Tetraploid species (four sets)

• Durum (T. durum) – The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat.
• Emmer (T. dicoccon) – A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use.

Diploid species (normal two sets of chromosomes)

• Einkorn (T. monococcum) – A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance.

Emmer wheat

Spikes (ears) of cultivated emmer wheat

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum), or 'hulled wheat',^[8] is a type of awned wheat.^[9] It was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia.

In the wild, the awns of emmer wheat spikelets help them dig into the soil. With humidity in the night, the awns of the spikelet become erect and draw together, and in the process push the grain into the soil. During the day, the humidity drops and the awns slacken back again. During the course of days and nights, the awns' pumping movements drill the spikelet as much as an inch into the soil.^[10]

Einkorn wheat

Einkorn wheat is one of the earliest cultivated forms of wheat, (Triticum monococcum). Grains of wild einkorn have been found in Paleolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent. It was first domesticated about 7500 BC (~9000 years ago), in the early Neolithic period.^[11] Evidence from DNA suggests einkorn was domesticated in southeast Turkey, where a number of early farming villages have been found.^[12] Its cultivation decreased in the Bronze Age, and today it is a relic crop that is rarely planted. It has found a new market as a health food. It is still used for bulgur (cracked wheat) or as animal feed, in mountainous areas of France, Libya, former Yugoslavia, Turkey and other countries. It often survives on poor soils where other species of wheat fail.^[13][14]

Einkorn was domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but was not so important.

Related pages

• Quinoa

References

1. Curtis; Rajaraman; MacPherson (2002). "Bread Wheat". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
2. Nutrient data laboratory. United States Department of Agriculture.
3. Cauvain, Stanley P. & Cauvain P. Cauvain. (2003) Bread Making. CRC Press. p. 540. ISBN 1-85573-553-9.
4. Palmer, John J. 2001. How to brew
5. Neill, Richard 2002. Booze: the drinks bible for the 21st century. p112, Octopus - Cassell. ISBN 1-84188-196-1
6. Department of Agriculture Appropriations for 1957: Hearings ... 84th Congress. 2d Session. United States. Congress. House. Appropriations. 1956. p. 242.
7. "wheat (plant) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia". britannica.com. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
8. "USDA GRIN Taxonomy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2014-12-26.
9. Awns are the bristle-like structures you can see in the diagram
10. Elbaum, Rivka; et al. (2007). "The role of wheat awns in the seed dispersal unit". Science. 316 (5826): 884–886. Bibcode:2007Sci...316..884E. doi:10.1126/science.1140097. PMID 17495170. S2CID 42898148.
11. Hopf, M.; Zohary, D. (2000). Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in west Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-19-850356-3.
12. Heun M.; et al. (1997). "Site of einkorn wheat domestication identified by DNA fingerprinting". Science. 278 (5341): 1312–1314. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1312H. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1312.
13. Zohary and Hopf, Domestication, pp. 33f
14. "Focus on Libya".