are not vertebrates are called invertebrates. Vertebrates include birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. The parts of the vertebrate skeleton...

A vertebrate brain is the main organ of the central nervous system. In vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull...

palaeontologists study fossils of giant dinosaurs. Vertebrate palaeontology: the palaeontology of vertebrate animals Invertebrate palaeontology: the palaeontology...

Gnathostomata is the group of vertebrates with jaws. The group was meant to include all jawed fish, but in modern fashion it also includes all the tetrapods...

connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and is an important part of the vertebrate respiratory system. In mammals, the trachea begins at the lower part of...

are a phylum of animals which have a notochord. The group includes vertebrates, with some closely related invertebrates. Phylum Chordata Tunicata –...

does not have a spine or backbone. This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an...

(1988). "Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (3): 241–264. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708. Macrini...

Benton M.J. 2015. Vertebrate paleontology. 4th ed, Blackwell, Oxford: Evolution of the Archosauromorphs, p154. Carroll R.L. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and...

Mammals are in the class Mammalia. They are a group of vertebrate animals. They have fur or hair and very precise temperature regulation. With the exception...

The inner ear is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. It is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of two main...

"Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7079): 965–968. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..965D. doi:10...

about 260 million years ago. Cartmill M. 1985. Climbing. In Functional vertebrate morphology. eds. Hildebrand D et al. Belknap Press, Harvard. 73–88 Jörg...

A skull, or cranium, is a set of bones that make up the head of a vertebrate and keep in place all body parts in the head. It supports the structures of...

Reptile is the common name for one of the main groups of land vertebrates. It is not used so much by biologists, who use more accurate terms. The name...

Euteleostomi is the largest group of vertebrates. Except for hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous fishes all vetebrates are part of this group. All Euteleostomi...

Vertebrate Paleontology. 3rd ed. Blackwell, Oxford. Carroll R.L. 1988 Vertebrate Paleontology & Evolution. Freeman N.Y. Romer A.S. 1966. Vertebrate Paleontology...

The sternum or breastbone, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone. In amphibians and reptiles it is normally shaped like a shield, often made of cartilage...

Tetrapods (Greek tetrapoda = four feet) are vertebrate four-legged land animals. This kind of locomotion is called quadrupedal. Amphibians, reptiles, birds...

indications about the origin of vertebrates. Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although...

other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived. Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar...

includes all the living tetrapods except the amphibians. They are the land vertebrates which lay cleidoic eggs. Two super-groups make up the amniotes: the Synapsida...

the family Hypsilophodontidae. However, the important reference work Vertebrate Paleontology is not yet in support of this trend, and lists the families...

Guinea. All six species known so far are amongst the smallest frog and vertebrate species. Paedophryne amauensis is a recently discovered species of frog...

vertebrates. This is why some classification schemes put the tetrapods into the Osteichthyes. Osteichthyes are the most various group of vertebrates,...

lies the origin of vertebrates. Tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are mobile, and have some features found in early vertebrates. The process of paedomorphosis...

host. Tapeworms live inside the intestines of vertebrate animals. This includes humans. When a vertebrate has a tapeworm, they may lose weight and become...

Tetrapodomorpha is a clade of vertebrates. It is a subclass of the Sarcopterygii which includes tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) and their more fish like...

Timothy (1988). "Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 8 (3): 241–264. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708. ISSN 0272-4634...

The quadruped walk is a vertebrate which walks on four legs. This is the basic locomotion of amphibia, reptiles and mammals. Those which walk on two legs...

groups: the invertebrates and the vertebrates. Vertebrates have a backbone, or spine; invertebrates do not. Vertebrates are the only group to have an adaptive...

They are called flukes, and are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The...

becomes the mouth. These are the living phyla of deuterostomes: Chordata (vertebrates and their kin) Echinodermata (starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers...

Pteraspids were early agnathan vertebrates. They lived from later Silurian to the end of the Devonian. Fossils are found in Europe and North America....

only found in vertebrates. It is thought to have arisen in the first jawed vertebrates. The adaptive immune response gives the vertebrate immune system...

(Dipnoi) and the tetrapodomorphs. As cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades a monophyletic Rhipidistia is...

a dead person is also called a corpse or cadaver. The dead bodies of vertebrate animals and insects are sometimes called carcasses. The human body has...

Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body. The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would...

brain in the cranial subcavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal canal. Vertebrate brain Morphine Wikimedia Commons has media related to Central nervous...

the oldest surviving class of vertebrates alongside gnathostomes . An alternative scheme proposed that jawed vertebrates are more closely related to lampreys...

There is a spinal canal that runs through the length of the spine. Many vertebrates, including mammals, have intervertebral discs separating the vertebrae...

after eggs are fertilised. He also found that cyclins are present in vertebrate cells, where they also regulate the cell cycle. At the age of eight he...

Annie Montague Alexander founded the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and the Museum of Paleontology at the University of California. This short article about...

being similar to limbs, suggest that these fish may be ancestors of land vertebrates. All sarcopterygians possess teeth covered with true enamel. As a clade...

today. The Passeriformes (perching birds) are the largest order of land vertebrates. They are some 60% of living birds. The neognaths have fused hand bones...

"A New Pachycephalosaurid Hell Creek Formation of Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 7 (4). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 398–407. doi:10.1080/02724634...

University Press. ISBN 0-19-857718-4 Romer A.S. & Parsons T.S. 1985. The vertebrate body. 6th ed. Saunders, Philadelphia. Clack, Jennifer A. 2007. Devonian...

Donoghue P.C.J. & Purnell M.A. 2005. Genome duplication, extinction and vertebrate evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20 (6): 312–319. [2] Archived...

as "mastology," "theriology," and "therology." Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals. There are about 4,200 different species of animals which are...

Natural History. He was responsible for creating their catalog on their vertebrate fossil collections. Charles H. Smith. "Lydekker, Richard (England 1849-1915)"...

are part of the reproductive system needed to reproduce sexually. Most vertebrate animals have two ovaries. Birds usually have only one working ovary; snakes...

the adaptive immune system is only found in vertebrates. The adaptive immune response gives the vertebrate immune system the ability to recognize and remember...

Gastralia are bones protecting the ventral area of a vertebrate. They are found in some living and fossil reptiles. Crocodiles, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs...

all animals, the brain is protected in some way. In ourselves, and all vertebrates, it is protected by the bones of the skull. The brain does the thinking...

2004. Vertebrate paleontology. 3rd ed, Blackwell, Oxford. classification Archived 2006-06-13 at the Wayback Machine Carroll R.L. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology...

the vertebrates, who have their spinal cord above (dorsal to) their gut. In another usage, ganglion cells are found in the retina of the vertebrate eye...

iguanodontian, not a hadrosaur. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18 (3 Abstracts): 59A. Langston, W. 1960. The vertebrate fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama...

phylum. Mammals, for example, are one of several classes within the Vertebrates, and are subdivided into Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutheria. Ranks...

groups were anapsids, such as the mesosaurs. Pough F.H. et al. 2002. Vertebrate life, 6th ed. Prentice Hall, NJ. ISBN 0130412481 This short article about...

their function and growth. It is often used by scientists for the identification of vertebrate remains, including the age, death, sex, and development....

molluscs, arthropods, conodonts, worms, and vertebrates. It is unknown whether Tullimonstrum was a vertebrate or an invertebrate. This short article about...

Frogs are amphibians and vertebrates of the order Anura. There is not much difference between frogs and toads, and they are not classified separately...

Silurian, of Baillie-Hamilton Island, the Canadian Arctic". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (4): 693–701. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0693:ANCFTW]2...

calculate allometric length-mass relationships of dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0051:ANMTCA]2...

vocals. Many terrestrial animals make sounds, especially those that are vertebrates. By extension, this might be called their voice, but another term is...

The inner ear is in most vertebrates, but mammals have special adaptations for hearing which even other land vertebrates do not have. These include...

not: estimating body size from skull length in theropods". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (1): 108–115. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[108:MTIBTY]2...

discovery: Huge sea monster emerges from Dorset cliffs Benton M.J. 2004. Vertebrate palaeontology. 3rd ed, Blackwell, Oxford. Watson D.M.S. 1951. Palaeontology...

Owen's technical descriptions of vertebrates were important. His Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates (3 vols. London 1866–1868) was a standard...

"division" where zoologists use the word "phylum". Carroll, Robert L. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-716-7-1822-7...

from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D.H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds) Mesozoic vertebrate life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana. Osmólska, Halszka...

agnathans are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae...

(the bone that helps fetus development in mammals). It is part of the vertebrate skeleton. These include the skull, jaws, gills, fins and exoskeleton....

oxygen) from their gills. As a group, they are much older than other vertebrates. The first fish developed about 500 million years ago. Shell fish such...

organ in many vertebrates (animals having a spine, or backbone). It takes blood oxygen from the air, and expels carbon dioxide. Most vertebrates with lungs...

curator at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, and Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at Cambridge University. Her career was devoted to studying...

Pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on Earth today. The characteristic vertebrates of the coal measures were amphibia, and the plants were mostly giant...

better. Color differences are much less visible in the dark. Apart from vertebrates, the only land animals to have color vision are arthropods. So insects...

Synapsids are one of the two major groups of vertebrates which evolved from basal amniotes. 'Synapsids' means 'fused arch', and refers to their skulls...

fluid that is created as a result of certain inflammations in vertebrates. In vertebrates, white blood cells fight the inflammation. Neutrophils destroy...

European Family Pleuraspidotheriidae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology / Taylor & Francis: 1559–1578. doi:10...

(Ginglymodi, Lepisosteiformes) from Qijiang, Chongqing, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (5): e911187. Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..132P. doi:10.1016/j...

color as the iris. Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 461. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5...

an alkaline, green-yellow fluid. It is secreted from the liver of most vertebrate animals, and is often stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps digest fat...

sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous of England. In Jacobs, L.L. Aspects of Vertebrate History: Essays in Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert. Museum of Northern Arizona...

a bottom-feeder, nosing about in the mud of a river. It had a typical vertebrate type of brain, with front, middle and rear regions, and nerves to and...

and marine molluscs and vertebrates (cartilaginous and bony fishes and turtles). Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host. None of the species...

remains (Veterovata): basic principles and applications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (4): 763–769. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011364. JSTOR 4523773...

and can be recognized in all species of vertebrates. Even in the lamprey (one of the most primitive vertebrates) striatal, pallidal, and nigral elements...

phylogenetic analysis was presented in an abstract in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology in 2005. The analysis decided the specimen was a close relative...

visible externally. Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 471–473...

The mandible is a bone found in all jawed vertebrates. The name comes from Latin mandibula. In bony fish the lower jaw is made of a number of bones, but...

Basin, Niger, Africa): implications for Gondwanan Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 271: 259-267...

parasites are partners in a complex co-evolution with mosquitos and land vertebrate species. Cox F.E.G. 2010. History of the discovery of the malaria parasites...

to raise their babies. They are most typical of birds, but many other vertebrates do make nests. Nests can be made of organic materials such as twigs,...

organisms use RNA interference (RNAi) to inhibit transposon activity. In vertebrate animal cells nearly all the 100,000+ DNA transposons in a genome code...

Pachypleurosaurs Placodonts Plesiosaurs Pistosaurus Benton M.J. 2004. Vertebrate palaeontology. 3rd ed, Blackwell, Oxford. A review of the Sauropterygia...

(or hindbrain) is a name for parts of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Chick embryo of thirty-three hours’ incubation, viewed from the dorsal...

ISBN 978-0-253-35675-8, (Mammal-like reptile at Google Books) Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate paleontology, 3rd ed. Blackwell, Oxford: chapter 10, The mammals. ISBN 0632056371...

the Lower Jurassic Lower Lufeng Formation of Yunnan, China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3): 477–483. This short article about biology can be...

Craniota) is a proposed clade of chordate animals that contains the vertebrates (subphylum Vertebrata) and Myxini (hagfish) as living representatives...

V(D)J is the basis of the vertebrate immune system. It makes antibodies. All vertebrates have an adaptive immune system. This protects them against many...

The Perciformes is the largest order of vertebrates. They have about 40% of all bony fish.p151 Perciformes means perch-like. They belong to the class...

MacKenzie A. & Miller-Camp J. (eds) Meeting Program and Abstracts. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 2016. Seventy-Sixth Annual Meeting. Grand America Hotel,...

the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates. It connects the knee with the ankle bones and is parallel to the fibula...

China". Nature 400:58–61 Li, Quanguo & Gao, Ke-qin 2007. Lower Cretaceous vertebrate fauna from the Sinuiju basin, North Korea as evidence of geographic extension...

the layer (in animals) is sensitive to stimuli such as touch. In land vertebrates the epidermis has many layers; the outer layers may be reinforced by...

frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from western New Guinea (Abstract)". Vertebrate Zoology. 58 (1): 83–92. doi:10.3897/vz.58.e30913. S2CID 131314540. RAINER...

million years ago of Germany. Eudibamus is claimed to be the first bipedal vertebrate. This short article about biology can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia...

The human pelvis (plural: pelves) is the part of the vertebrate body to which the legs attach. It has a very ancient history. Pelvis can mean the lower...

fossil fishes. New York: Henry Holt & Company. p37 Benton, Michael 2009. Vertebrate Palaeontology Edition 3, page 44, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405144490...

as soon as our tissues and organs are properly developed. Vertebrates, and only vertebrates, have a second type of immunity. This is called adaptive immunity...

dinosaurs. Jacques Gauthier used the term when he first applied cladistics to vertebrate paleontology. The term refers to the stiff tail which was held above the...

well. Bennett S.C. 2000. Inferring stratigraphic position of fossil vertebrates from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Current Research in Earth...

sometimes not. The term finfish is sometimes used to distinguish ordinary (vertebrate) fish from shellfish. Jewish and Islamic dietary laws forbid the eating...

salamanders (including newts) and caecilians. They are four-legged vertebrates which are cold blooded. Amphibians lay their eggs in water, usually in...

archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11 (Suppl. 4): 1–51. Sereno P.C. & Arcucci A.B. 1990. The...

animal species, mainly warm-blooded mammals. They are found in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Penises are not found in every species of animal....

the postcranial skeleton of a Laventan borhyaenoid, Lycopsis longirostris (Marsupialia, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (3): 689. [1]...

Press. BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Fast flying fish glides by ferry "Vertebrate Flight: gliding and parachuting". Retrieved 15 April 2006. New flying...

throughout life as the main support down the length of the body. In most vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column. The notochord is found ventral...

There are more than 130 species in this subfamily. Most of them feed on vertebrate blood. A few species feed on other invertebrates. They are mainly found...

(Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405. S2CID 85665879...

North America. The Park has one of the most varied collections of land vertebrates ever found in Latin American tropical forests. Courtney, Julia. 1989...

species have eyes. Image-resolving eyes are present in cnidaria, molluscs, vertebrates, annelids and arthropods. In mammals, two kinds of cells, rods and cones...

Sauropsids are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing reptiles and birds and their fossil ancestors. They are one of the two groups which...

possible late Cretaceous "haramiyidan" from India" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (2): 488–490. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[488:APLCHF]2...

appeared in the Silurian period. Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates. There are nearly 25,000 species. They can be found in both fresh water...

including the Nile crocodile, many snails, and lady beetles. Invertebrate and vertebrate animals aestivate so they do not die from the heat or from drying out...

A rib is a bone that forms a structure around the thorax of vertebrates. This is known as the rib cage. Humans have 24 ribs, 12 on each side. It is a...

structure. New York: Columbia University Press. Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate palaeontology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-632-05637-1...

destroy them. Only a few plants and animals at risk of extinction, mostly vertebrates, are put on the lists and get legal protection. Many more species become...

The thighbone of C. primitivus has a length of 20.1 cm. He, 1984. The vertebrate fossils of Sichuan. Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House...

(1-2): 77-97. Motani R. 1999. Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (3): 473-496. Motani R. 1997. New information on the...

returned to the United States in 1866 and was appointed professor of vertebrate paleontology at Yale University. He persuaded his uncle George Peabody...

in some of the most successful groups of animals, such as arthropods, vertebrates and annelid worms. Segmentation of the body allows different regions...

species Bothriolepis (Placodermi, Antiarchi) in North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (4): 679–686. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0679:otsoso]2...

legs forward. It eats fallen fruit and large seeds, as well as small vertebrate animals. Its body is about 23 cm (9.1 in) in length. Its tail is about...

Androgens control and stimulate development of male characteristics in vertebrates. The main hormone is testosterone. This short article about biology can...

rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain of vertebrates. They develop very early during development of the central nervous system...

of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in extremely...

May 28, 2023. Retrieved June 4, 2021. "AmphibiaWeb Project". Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020....

monophyletic group. The name describes a bird of prey big enough to hunt larger vertebrates. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight. Eagles are generally...

parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues. Plant...

The cloaca is a common rear opening in land vertebrates. Through this opening, the animals expel urine and faeces, and carry out reproduction. The cloaca...

until it can survive on its own, at which point the egg hatches. Most vertebrates, arthropods and molluscs lay eggs outside the mother's body. They are...

Mass estimation by multivariate analysis of bone dimensions". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list...

19720651 Lamb T.D; Collin S.P. & Pugh E.N. Jr. 2007. Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience...

like other vertebrates. DNA differences follow a similar pattern. The human genome is closer to that of other primates than to other vertebrates, and closest...

shows up as a region of grey matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains hundreds of nuclei, which vary in shape and size. A nucleus...

M.J. 1990. The reign of the reptiles. Quarto N.Y. Carroll R.L. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. Freeman N.Y. Tutin S. & Butler R. 2017. The...

However, they are not so small as Paedophryne, which is the smallest land vertebrate. Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Nyctibatrachus Boulenger, 1882". Amphibian...

fruit and other plants, eggs, honey and insects. They also eat small vertebrate animals, like reptiles, birds and mammals. After a pregnancy of 96 days...

sauropod from the Lower Cretaceous of England. In Jacobs L.L. Aspects of Vertebrate History: Essays in Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert. Museum of Northern Arizona...

(the eutherians). It is absent in monotremes and marsupials, and other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Other groups do have brain...

direction, and the back side of animals (like humans) that walk upright. In vertebrates the dorsum contains the backbone. The term dorsal means the parts that...

Lehman T.M. 2001. Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality. In: Mesozoic vertebrate life, edited by Tanke D.H. and Carpenter K. Indiana University Press,...

The spleen is an organ in vertebrates. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system. In people, it is on the left side of the body, under the heart. The...

but lacks the skull. Both are in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China. Sinovenator was...

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located in the abdomen of vertebrates such as humans. They regulate (control) the amount of water and salts in...

different from that of vertebrates like humans, but the way they work is rather similar. The similarity between cephalopod and vertebrate eyes is an examples...

placoderm scales, and their significance in placoderm phylogeny". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (2): 204–219. Bibcode:1999JVPal..19..204B. doi:10.1080/02724634...

Lampridiformes) from the Late Oligocene of New Zealand". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 6 (3): 544–551. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[544:MKAGMT]2...

groups with many members, the vertebrates and the arthropods. There are a number of land and amphibious limbless vertebrates and invertebrates. These animals...

keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins. Silk found in insect pupae, and in spider webs and egg casings...

at climbing. They have bushy tails. They eat invertebrates and small vertebrates. Graphiurus angolensis - Angolan African dormouse Graphiurus christyi...

mammals, including humans. Circulatory systems of other vertebrates differ somewhat. Vertebrates also have a lymphatic system that helps the main blood...

is a projection or elongated appendage at the front of the face. In vertebrates, the term is used to describe an elongated nose or snout. In invertebrates...

OCLC 434318839. Gray's Anatomy 2016, pxvi-xvii. Kardong, Kenneth V. (2019). Vertebrates : comparative anatomy, function, evolution (Eighth ed.). New York, NY...

covered with a hard shell of bone. Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles. Clavicle is a formal scientific term. Normally we use...

Trigonognathus Mochizuki and Ohe, 1990, in the Mediterranean realm. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. "Extinct - valid species | Species | Shark-References"....

all known fish species are teleosts. They are, in order of evolution, vertebrates, jawed fish (Gnathostomata), bony fish (Osteichthyes) and ray-finned...

R.E. 2001. Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic vertebrate life, edited by Tanke D.H. & Carpenter K. Indiana University Press, p...

and is much less common than sexual reproduction. It even occurs in vertebrates: there are over 80 species of unisex reptiles, amphibians and fishes...

relationships of Mussaurus patagonicus (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (5): 1138. [1] Montague, Jeremy R. 2006. Estimates of...

steroids in tissues such as liver or fat. Guerriero G. 2009 (2009). "Vertebrate sex steroid receptors: evolution, ligands, and neurodistribution". Annals...

The olfactory bulb is a part of the vertebrate forebrain. It works in olfaction, or the sense of smell. The olfactory bulb has one source of sensory input...

weak legs. They spend much of their time soaring. They will take live vertebrates, but mostly feed on insects and carrion. Hawks are medium to large-sized...

development (e.g. legs, antennae, and wings in fruit flies or the different vertebrate ribs in humans). Hox genes are a complex of genes whose proteins bind...

wetlands have 413 species of plants, 265 species of birds, and 61 others vertebrate species. Boyd, Roger. "Frequently Asked Questions". BakerU.edu. Baker...

Formation of the Western Interior, U.S.A. Pp. 77–114 in Gillette D.D. (ed) Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication...

North America and the gradual extinction of the dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 6 (3): 251–257. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011619. This...

Science, 309:287-290 Prideaux, G.J. et al. 2007. An arid-adapted middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from south-central Australia. Nature 445:422-425...

the Zoological Society of London. Romer, Alfred Sherwood (1977). The vertebrate body. Thomas S. Parsons. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-7668-5. OCLC 3003870...

Devonian of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 4: 1-16. Palaeos.com – Vertebrates – Sarcopterygii (archive) Wikimedia Commons has...

oxygen-poor conditions. They evolved into the lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates and some fish (lungfish, gar, bichir) and also into the swim bladders...

some vertebrate remains from the Fort Union Beds of Montana", Paleontological Bulletin, 22: 1-14 Cope, E.D., 1876, "Descriptions of some vertebrate remains...

Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 222. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. S2CID 87809001. Archived...

Cetotheriidae) from the late Miocene of Crimea, Ukraine". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Media related to Brandtocetus at Wikimedia Commons This...

small endocrine gland in the middle of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. It makes and releases the hormone named melatonin. There is almost no...

Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 207–208. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. S2CID 87809001. This...

Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44755-0 Benton, Michael J. 2015. Vertebrate palaeontology, 4th ed. Wiley Blackwell 10.3 Mesozoic world, p204. ISBN...

(Gondwanatheria, Mammalia) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology [1] Strickland, Ashley (18 December 2020). "This 'crazy beast'...

preparation of the holotype of O. velox and new fossil discoveries. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, SVP Program and Abstracts Book, 2011, pp. 90. Zelenitsky...

years ago (mya). This is one of the largest of all known terrestrial vertebrates. It has the greatest mass (weight) of any land animal that has been calculated...

New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-69098-1. Benton, Michael 1997. Vertebrate palaeontology. Chapman & Hall, London. Fossil shows lizards millions of...

led to one of the greatest adaptive radiations in the history of the vertebrates. In comparison, the amphibia, whose reproduction is tied to water, are...

the world. Some simple animals can only tell light from dark, but with vertebrates, the visual system is able to form images. The ability to interpret visible...

adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish...

the air. These vibrations are sounds. Most animals can hear. Most land vertebrates hear through ears. Fish hear in several different ways. Many use their...

Brazil, 237 to 228 mya. By the early Jurassic they were the top land vertebrates, and dominated most environments on land. They continued until the K/T...

among vertebrates and other organisms. The fight or flight response lets animals respond quickly to threats. This system is universal in vertebrates. That...

found in China". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-16. "Vertebrate Paleontology: Sinodelphys szalayi". Carnegie Museum of Natural History...

Pelicanformes (which also contains pelcans, cormorants and gannets). "Part 7- Vertebrates". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. 2007....

crush food so it can be swallowed (pushed down into the stomach). Most vertebrates have teeth. Birds are the biggest group that do not. Many invertebrates...

"inner chamber") is a midline symmetrical structure in the brains of vertebrates. The thalamus is situated between the midbrain and cerebral cortex. The...

"Bob" Lynn Carroll (May 5, 1938 – April 8, 2020) was an American–Canadian vertebrate paleontologist. His works focused on Paleozoic and Mesozoic amphibians...

Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (2): 432–438. [1] Milner, Angela 2002. Dinobirds: from...

can stomp on small prey. They eat leaves, buds, seeds, fruit, small vertebrates, and invertebrates. There are about 27 species in 12 genera. Most of...

other lookouts to ambush prey. The Barn Owl feeds primarily on small vertebrates such as rodents. Studies have shown that an individual Barn Owl may eat...

Botany Entomology Invertebrate zoology Mineral sciences Paleobiology Vertebrate zoology Amphibia & reptiles Birds Fish Mammals Staff collect specimens...

a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18: 4–9. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011030. Calvo J.O.;...

develop by nuclear division without cell membranes. Skeletal muscles in vertebrates are syncytia: it allows rapid coordinated contraction of muscles along...

to make different hormones. There are four types of hormones in most vertebrates. They are grouped by the chemicals from which they are made. Steroid...

called the heel. The bottom of the foot is called the sole. Most land vertebrates have feet, and there are many different sorts of foot. The feet of monkeys...

the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful vertebrate orders of the Devonian. They occupied a vast spectrum of roles from apex...

Alberta, Canada and the distribution of Xiphactinus in North America". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. Konishi, Takuya; Newbrey, Michael G...

and umbilical cord inside its body. So Materpiscis is the oldest known vertebrate to show viviparity (giving birth to live young). Viviparity of one kind...

the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Ein Yabrud, Middle East: anatomial descriptions and phylogenetic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology....

the saber-toothed cat Homotherium in northwestern Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23: 260–262. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[260:LPSOTS]2...

will eat insects and other invertebrates. Larger species can eat small vertebrates. Hylids lay their eggs in ponds. Some lay their eggs in puddles that...

Upper Devonian Catskill Formation in Pennsylvania, U.S.A." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (3) e1448834. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E8834D. doi:10.1080/02724634...

Carboniferous of Victoria, Australia, with remarks on the phylogenetic position of the group". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Retrieved 1 August 1986....

York. He served there as the curator of the newly formed Department of Vertebrate Paleontology. Osborn led the American Museum expedition to Mongolia in...

immune. Phagocytes are present in all animals and are very complex in vertebrates. One liter of human blood has about six billion phagocytes. Their name...

Montevideoy. Benton M.J. 2015. Vertebrate palaeontology. 4th ed, Wiley Blackwell, p126. Laurin, Michel (2010). How vertebrates left the water (illustrated ed...

class; all birds are in the same class. After that is the phylum, such as vertebrates, which is all animals with backbones. Last of all is the kingdom, like...

The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above. The cerebrum is the forebrain of vertebrates....

parasite always has two hosts in its life cycle: a mosquito vector and a vertebrate host. The life-cycle is very complex. There is a sequence of different...

meaning its general architecture is shared with the most ancient of vertebrates. Dopamine produced in the substantia nigra plays a role in motivation...

veins through lymph-vein communications at the base of the neck. Some vertebrates have more complex lymphatic systems. Amphibians for example have multiple...

College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, and subsequently he became keeper of vertebrate palaeontology at the South African Museum, Cape Town. Broom was first...

disk-shaped toy Intervertebral disc, between the bones in the spines of vertebrates Parking disc, or parking disc machine Tax disc, a vehicle licence transcription...

ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous Trinity Group of Arkansas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38: 1. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1421209. S2CID 90165402...

bacteria and viruses. They are found in the blood or other body fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are the key element in the adaptive immune system. The antibody...

camera eye[further explanation needed] of cephalopods (e.g. squid), vertebrates (e.g. mammals) and cnidaria (e.g. box jellies). Their last common ancestor...

mainland relatives. This fits the pattern of Holocene extinction of large vertebrates due to human dispersal. In other words, they were probably hunted or...

They are present in all types of organisms from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates mucus is made by mucous membranes. Mucus may have antiseptic enzymes...

composite advertisement call and comments on the D. rubicundulus group". Vertebrate Zoology (Abstract). 69: 227–246. doi:10.26049/VZ69-3-2019-01. Retrieved...

characteristics. For instance, the vertebrate eye (including the human eye) has a blind spot, whereas octopus eyes do not. Once the vertebrate eye had evolved, the...

(Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 535–547. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0535:ICASDT]2...

Famennian (Upper Devonian) of Central Russia and habitats of the Khovanshchinian vertebrate assemblages". http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/268963.pdf...

adapting to ever-changing environmental and emergency situations, and help vertebrates in their successful survival. The adrenal gland hormones play a vital...

speed. Pufferfish are generally believed to be the second-most poisonous vertebrates in the world, after the golden poison frog. They use tetrodotoxin, a...

the gut. In chordates it runs along the dorsal side above the gut. In vertebrates it runs inside the backbone, and is called the spinal cord. This short...

The optic tectum is a major part of the midbrain of vertebrates. In vertebrates such as fish, reptiles and birds, it is the main visual processor of the...

In all vertebrates, including human beings, the cerebellum is one of the main divisions of the brain. The cerebellum works mainly to control balance and...

its implications for theropod brain evolution. pp. 19–33. In: Mesozioc Vertebrate Life. eds Tanke D.H; Carpenter K. & Skrepnick M.W. Indiana University...

marsh terns are insect-eaters, and some large terns may take small land vertebrates. Many terns are long-distance migrants, and the Arctic tern may see more...

They are distinguished in two respects: they were the first known jawed vertebrates, and they had stout spines supporting their fins, fixed in place and...

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones made in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates. The term is also used for the synthetic analogues of these hormones...

large gap between teeth. It is a normal feature in many types of land vertebrates, especially mammals. A good example are carnivores like the cat, which...

hemispheric visual field from both eyes. The optic chiasma is found in all vertebrates. Greek χίασμα, "crossing", from the Greek χιαζω 'to mark with an X',...

thymus has two common meanings: Thymus, an immune organ in the body of humans and other vertebrates Thymus, the genus from which the herb thyme is gotten...

kemkemensis, gen. et sp. nov., from the Cretaceous of Morocco". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (2): 243–246. "Fossilworks: Serenoichthys" Archived 2021-12-12...

desert, NBC News". "A heavyweight early whale pushes the boundaries of vertebrate morphology, Nature". Wikimedia Commons has media related to Perucetus...

human body. Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The exceptions are the fish family Channichthyidae, and the tissues...

Ornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous of southeastern Australia." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29(3): 33A.[2] Archived 2010-07-15 at the Wayback Machine...

arthropods in the soil and detritus. Many are parasitic, and they affect both vertebrates and invertebrates. Most parasitic forms are external parasites, while...

(Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405. S2CID 85665879...

embryology — 1934 (co-written with Julian Huxley) The development of the vertebrate skull — 1937 Archaeopteryx lithographica – 1954 Darwin's journal: Darwin's...

in vertebrates, including birds (see also avian influenza), humans, and other mammals. Isaviruses infect salmon; thogotoviruses infect vertebrates and...

Temnodontosaurus platyodon. This is the largest eye ever recorded for any vertebrate; the colossal squid eye is larger still. The eyes are surrounded by sclerotic...

fukui.jp. Retrieved 2021-08-06. Azuma, Yoichi (2003). "Early Cretaceous vertebrate remains from Katsuyama City, Fukui Prefecture, Japan" (PDF). Memoir of...

should be applied to other animals with caution. For some of the other vertebrate classes the power of 3/4 rather than 2/3 is sometimes used, and for many...

(Merriam's Kangaroo Rat)". www.sdnhm.org. Retrieved 2024-08-07. "15.5B: Vertebrate Kidneys". Biology LibreTexts. 2016-07-18. Retrieved 2024-08-07. Media...

Tunicates are more closely related to craniates (hagfish, lampreys, jawed vertebrates) than to lancelets, echinoderms, hemichordates, or other invertebrates...

subphylum. The tetrapods, for example, are part of the subphylum of vertebrates. This short article about biology can be made longer. You can help Wikipedia...

Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 310. ISSN 1864-5755. Archived from the original (PDF)...

and toes) like ours is a synapomorphy within the vertebrates. The tetrapods are the first vertebrates with such digits. Snakes and other tetrapods which...

Mashable. 2018. Stuart A.J. 1974. Pleistocene: history of the British vertebrate fauna. Biological Reviews 49, 225–266. Stuart A.J. 1976. The history of...

turtles face their biggest threat: humans Details are in Benton M. 2015. Vertebrate palaeontology. 4th ed, Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, p241–243. Li C. et al...

Actinopterygii) from the Upper Cretaceous Bahariya Formation of Egypt". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (1): 17–26. Schaal, S. (1984). Oberkretazische Osteichthyes...

North America and Argentina. Ophthalmosaurus had the largest eyes of any vertebrate relative to its body size. Its eyes, 4 inches in diameter, occupied most...

quadrate, prearticular, articular, and angular structures in earlier land vertebrates. Meng, Jin. 2003. The journey from jaw to ear. Biologist. 50. 154-158...

Flatworms and roundworms are found in virtually every wild species of vertebrate. Protozoan parasites are also ubiquitous. Hence parasitism is almost certainly...

German specimen's thoracic cavity show that Compsognathus preyed on small vertebrates. Marsh, who examined the specimen in 1881, thought that this small skeleton...

Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History". Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology). 4: 1–679. doi:10.2307/3889331. JSTOR 3889331....

is the cleidoic egg, which developed in early amniotes, and permitted vertebrates to invade the land. The cleidoic egg must have been developed in the...

omnivorous and eat plant parts, flower petals, seeds, insects, and small vertebrates, like reptiles and amphibians. A male green peafowl fanning his train...

Therapsida: A preliminary study of historically collected museum specimens". Vertebrate Zoology. 72: 907–936. doi:10.3897/vz.72.e85989. ISSN 2625-8498. "Cynodont...

osteoderms: Glyptodontopelta mimus Ford, 2000: a test case". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (4): 1102–1109. doi:10.1671/0272-4634-28.4.1102. S2CID 140672072...

synthesized and released from neurons in the hypothalamus. GnRH occurs in all vertebrates. This single hormone controls all the complex processes which prepare...

Fauna from Wuerho, Sinkiang (in Chinese). 11. Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica. pp. 45–52. Dong,...

agnathans are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae...

skull of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24(1), 121–144. [2]...

vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. C. perfringens is a human pathogen sometimes, and...

Plasmodium, and a land vertebrate, such as a mammal or bird. The actual species of malaria differs according to the vertebrate, so there are actually...

They also trigger specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrates. Their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris...

One of these frogs, Brachycepalus pulex, is reputed to be the smallest vertebrate in the world. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brachycephalus. Webb...

Quarry of western Colorado show one of the most diverse Upper Jurassic vertebrate assemblages in the world. The Dry Mesa Quarry has produced the remains...

molecule called haemocyanin, which does the same job as haemoglobin does in vertebrates. Haemocyanin has a greenish colour, not red. The insect circulatory system...

flatfish asymmetry. Nature 454, 209–212. Carroll R.L. 1997. Patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052147809X...

"Thinking small: Next-generation sensor networks close the size gap in vertebrate biologging". PLOS Biology. 18 (4) e3000655. PLOS. doi:10.1371/journal...

organism to fight infections. They occur in the immune system of all vertebrates. All lymphoctes have a large, blob-like nucleus. Lymphocytes can be divided...

amphibian of the Dendrobatidae family is considered the most poisonous vertebrate in the world. The optimal habitat of P. terribilis is the rainforest with...

(meaning 'spiny roof') was an extinct fishapod. It was one of the first vertebrates to have recognizable limbs. It appeared in the Upper Devonian about 365...

thousand endemic species. Croatia is home to the only known aquatic cave vertebrate—the olm. There are 444 protected areas of Croatia. Those include eight...

oxygen molecule (O2). Unlike the hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, hemocyanins are not bound to blood cells. The molecules are carried...

Kishor; Sahni, Ashok (1985). "Eocene mammals from Kashmir". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 5 (2): 153–168. doi:10.1080/02724634.1985.10011853. Uhen...

shallow wetlands. It eats roots, tubers, insects, crustaceans, and small vertebrate prey. Like other cranes, the sarus crane forms long-lasting pairs and...

which do not discriminate so many distinct wavelengths. Most other vertebrates such as lizards and birds have four types of cone cells, hence can discriminate...

were perhaps the first vertebrates to live and reproduce on land. Monastersky R. (1999): Out of the Swamps: how early vertebrates established a foothold—with...

The squamosal is a bone of the head of higher vertebrates. It is the main part of the cheek region in the skull, towards the back and lower part of the...

In Amphistium, the transition from the typical symmetrical head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top-center of the head. Paleontologists...

happy to see owners after a long separation. Because two large groups of vertebrates have developed emotions (mammals and birds at least), it must be that...

391..147C. doi:10.1038/34356. S2CID 4430927. Longrich, N. 2002. Systematics of Sinosauropteryx. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(3): 80A. BBC News...

therapsids: implications for the origin of mammalian endothermy. In Studies in vertebrate paleobiology: essays in honor of John R. Bolt, eds Lombard R.E. et al...

of Mauisaurus haasti Hector, 1874 (Reptilia: Plesiosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (3):588-601. O'Gorman J.P. 2016 (2016). "A small body...

groups. Fish represent a grade, as they have given rise to the land vertebrates. In fact, the three traditional classes of fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes...

Temnodontosaurus platyodon. This is the largest eye ever recorded for any vertebrate, though the colossal squid eye is larger still. The eyes of ichthyosaurs...

(Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) and a revision of the genus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1117–1135. doi:10.1671/039.029.0405. S2CID 85665879...

nocturnal. Their food is about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant foods, and 27% vertebrates. Raccoons are omnivores. They feed on mice, squirrels, rabbits, birds...

Cetacea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 #2, p453–463. Bohme, Madelaine 2003. The Miocene climate optimum: from ectothermic vertebrates of central Europe...

Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 311. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 1864-5755. Archived...

to side. Motani R. 1999: Phylogeny of the Ichthyopterygia. Journal Of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (3): 473 - 496 "Cymbospondylus". BBC - Science & Nature...

(Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny ." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30(4): 1157 - 1168. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483632 Switek...

cognitive tasks. Rogers, Lesley J.; Kaplan, Gisela T. (2004). Comparative vertebrate cognition: are primates superior to non-primates?. New York, New York:...

1005-1058 in P. Vickers-Rich, Monaghan J. M., R. F. Baird & T. H. Rich (eds), Vertebrate Palaeontology of Australia. Pioneer Design Studio and Monash University...

list (link) Stegosaurs Archived 2012-05-17 at the Wayback Machine Jacobson RJ. Dinosaur and vertebrate paleontology information. Retrieved 2007-02-11....

2262L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.052. PMID 23177480. Benton M.J. 4th ed. Vertebrate palaeontology. Wiley-Blackwell, p154 et seq. Lee, Michael SY; Cau, Andrea;...

dinosaurs, and crocodilians. Since sinuses are in virtually all land vertebrates, they must have a function. They are covered with a mucosa, epidermal...

found with the fossils of the animal which ingested it. Among living vertebrates, gastroliths are common among crocodiles, alligators, herbivorous birds...

Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 209-213. Norell M.A; Gaffney & Dingus 1995. Discovering...

Lemley expeditions, part 1: The Allingham Formation and a new Pliocene vertebrate fauna from northern Queensland". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 17...

lateral line is a system of sense organs found in fish, and not in land vertebrates. It detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water. Modified...

up a larger fraction of the cortex in rodents than in primates. Other vertebrates have areas which may be homologous to the hippocampus of mammals. Some...

of the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation, Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 3 (20): 41A–42A. Schweitzer, Mary H.; et al. (1999). "Keratin...

ornithischian dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:823-834. Galton, Peter M. (2007). "Teeth of ornithischian...

Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 187–188. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. Archived from the...

ductus deferens) is a duct in the body of man. It is also in other male vertebrates. Its function is to carry sperm away from the testes, towards the penis...

Carrier's constraint is an observation about air-breathing vertebrates which flex their bodies sideways when moving. They find it very difficult to move...

symbionts. Mycorrhiza in higher plants, and gut flora in insects and vertebrates are examples. Humans are no exception. Furthermore, most of these associations...

snake-like scales. And there's the gut contents – it's swallowed another vertebrate. It was preying on other animals, which is a snake feature". The snake...

Icthyovenator's skeleton was dug up in 2012. He wrote this in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. These new bones include: several teeth, a hip bone, most...

under rocks. Its diet consists of large insects, spiders, and small vertebrates. This is an aggressive and active scorpion. Like all scorpions, it is...

shells of coccoliths and foraminifera, Phosphate, for example in bones of vertebrates, Organic compounds, for example in pollen and spores. The area of study...

Empirical Search for Interconnected Patterns of Natural History". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (sup001): 1–696. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18S...1G. doi:10...

urchins have five jaws with one tooth each. Some animals, even some vertebrates, do not have jaws. A body part is called a jaw based on what it does...

Formation: first marine mammal from the Eocene of Jordan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (1): 201–204. [1][permanent dead link] Gingerich, P. D...

Polygyny: One male has a sexual relationship with two or more females. In vertebrates, this seems to be the most common type Polyandry: One female has a relationship...

invertebrates. Benton M.J. 1990. The reign of the reptiles. Crescent, New York. 118–122 Benton M.J. 2015. Vertebrate palaeontology, 4th ed p150, 152/3....

types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species. Even, vertebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed. G. A. Polis, The evolution...

gradually becoming less expensive. "There are currently [2009] more than 90 vertebrate species with whole genome sequences finished, in process, or in the advanced...

some ants, bees and parasitic wasps. Parthenogenesis is very rare for vertebrates. Vegitative popogation is very common in some types of plants using rhizomes...

other skin problems that are less common. Kardong, Kenneth V. 1998. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill.[1] ISBN...

even-toed ungulates and cetaceans (dolphins and whales) Benton M.J. 1997. Vertebrate palaeontology. 2nd ed, Chapman & Hall, London. The Palaeocene placental...

molecule called haemocyanin, which does the same job as haemoglobin does in vertebrates (but less efficiently). The insect circulatory system has no veins or...

mass extinction of all time. London: Thames & Hudson. Benton M.J. 2015. Vertebrate palaeontology, Blackwell 4th ed, p142. ISBN 978-1-118-40684-7. Erwin D...

In vertebrates, the longitudinal fissure separates the cerebrum into two parts. The fissure is sometimes also called 'longitudinal cerebral fissure',...

cetothere (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the early Miocene of Japan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Media related to Cetotherium at Wikimedia Commons https://www...

ceratobatrachid genus Platymantis from western New Guinea (Amphibia, Anura)". Vertebrate Zoology Senckenberg (full text). 65 (1): 101–116. doi:10.3897/vz.65.e31509...

indicative of a controlled (domestic) fire, and utilization of regional vertebrate microfauna." The same scientists used radiocarbon dating to determine...

ISBN 0-89158-464-1. Benton, M.J. (2005). "Were the dinosaurs warm-blooded or not?". Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 221–223. ISBN 0-632-05637-1...

parasitic flukes of molluscs and vertebrates (~1500 species); Cestoda: tapeworms, parasitic in the digestive tract of vertebrates (3400 species); Monogenea:...

with the tail about 100 cm in length. It feeds on small terrestrial vertebrates, ground birds and their eggs, arthropods and fish. Papenfuss, T., Shafiei...

Sci.News. "A geologically old and ontogenetically young Herpetocetus sp. from the late Miocene of Hokkaido, Japan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology....

from the Iren Dabasu Formation (Coniacian–Campanian), Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (5) e2199817....

Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone (Namurian E2b) of Montana". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 9 (3): 350–368. Bear Gulch Belantsea from Discovery Education...

Faster electrical synapses are used in escape reflexes, the retina of vertebrates, and the heart. They are faster because they do not need the slow diffusion...

cystoids and crinoids appeared. It was long thought that the first true vertebrates (fish — Ostracoderms) appeared in the Ordovician, but recent discoveries...

A dorsal fin is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates. The main function of the fin is to stabilize the animal against rolling and...

from reproducing by killing the infected cell and its close neighbours. Vertebrates have a second, more specific, immune system. It is called the adaptive...

Ostrom was a professor at Yale University. He was the Curator Emeritus of vertebrate paleontology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, which has an impressive...

white blood cells that fight off certain parasites and infections in vertebrates. When they are activated, eosinophils release a cocktail of proteins...

and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans. Leishmania...

and tried to discover the homologies of their bones with that of land vertebrates. A trait may be both homologous and analogous, depending on the level...

movie - Sea Monsters. Williston, S. W. 1895. New or little-known extinct vertebrates. Kansas University Quarterly 6:95-98. "Tylosaur food". Oceansofkansas...

fish was a pelagic creature living in open waters, and one of the first vertebrate apex predators of any ecosystem. Dunkleosteus first appeared in the Late...

hylid frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from western New Guinea" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology (Full text). 58 (1): 83–92. doi:10.3897/vz.58.e30913. S2CID 131314540...

The east side story – the Transylvanian latest Cretaceous continental vertebrate record and its implications for understanding Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary...

These largely solitary birds feed on fruits, berries, insects and small vertebrates (such as frogs). Even with their famous bright plumage, they can be hard...

Skink. The skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda. It has recently been discovered, however, that a species of...

contagious yawning may be the mirror neurons in the frontal cortex of certain vertebrates, which, upon being exposed to a stimulus, activates the same regions...

their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells. As a result of not having mitochondria...

extinct reptiles. In Sues H-D. (ed) Evolution of herbivory in Terrestrial vertebrates: perspectives from the fossil record. Cambridge: Cambridge University...

2016-03-24. Elias, H.; Bengelsdorf, H. (1952). "The structure of the liver in vertebrates". Cells Tissues Organs. 14 (4): 297–337. doi:10.1159/000140715. PMID 14943381...

of movement". Both systems are very ancient and may be common to all vertebrates. Rizzolatti G. & Luppino G. 2001. The cortical motor system. Neuron 31:...

the water only to breed. These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. Although temnospondyls are considered...

proviverrine creodont (Mammalia) from Pakistan and Kenya. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 48(1): 25-45. Lambert, David and the Diagram Group 1985....

tetrapods. Their fossil record goes back 400 million years, before any land vertebrates had evolved. There are at least two species of coelacanths living in...

parasitic in crustaceans and insects. Adults live in the digestive tract of vertebrates, especially fish. About 1150 species have been described. The Acanthocephala...

light-sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina in humans and other vertebrates. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/e...

and modern biology. Yale, CT. Watson D.M.S. 1958. Studies on fossil vertebrates. London. Alexander, R. McNeill 1989. Dynamics of dinosaurs and other...

Phorusrhacidae) from the Pleistocene coastal plain of South Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15: 842-844. MacFadden, Bruce J.; Labs-Hochstein, Joann;...

a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1) e1570222. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E0222B. doi:10.1080/02724634...

largely carnivorous, being active hunters of insects, earthworms and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and...

Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates". Frontiers in Genetics. 12. 521693. doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.521693. PMC 8149952...

herbivores and stem-boring beetles which damage the plant. Benton M.J. 1997. Vertebrate palaeontology. 2nd ed, Chapman & Hall, p342. ISBN 0-412-73810-4 Elephant...

"Thinking small: Next-generation sensor networks close the size gap in vertebrate biologging". PLOS Biology. 18 (4) e3000655. PLOS. doi:10.1371/journal...

2008. Tuning in to the signals: non-coding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes. Trends in Genetics. 24 (7): 344–52. [1][permanent dead link]...

chemistry and biological activity of its components. Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV, 457–464, Plenum Press. Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and...

Kent A. (2006). "Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (2): 321–330. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2...

Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850760-7 Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate paleontology. 3rd ed, Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-632-05637-1 Smithsonian...

and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime. The vertebrate innate immune system: Acts as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious...

Ichthyostegalia is an order of tetrapods, representing the earliest land vertebrates. While the group do have feet rather than fins, most, if not all, had...

theropoddatabase.com. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Benton M.J. 2015. Vertebrate palaeontology. Wiley Blackwell ISBN 978-1-118-40684-7, p. 274. Mayr, Gerald...

Cretácico de Colombia. Revista Ingeominas 6, 1997: 1–12 Benton M.J. 2004. Vertebrate palaeontology. 3rd ed, Blackwell, Oxford. Long, J.A., Dinosaurs of Australia...

they can be found in the urinary bladder and rectum of cold-blooded vertebrates. No types of Monogenea infect birds, but one (Oculotrema hippopotami)...

(Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 535–547. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0535:ICASDT]2...

eggs for the Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Troodon formosus". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (3): 564–576. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0564:EAEFTC]2...

directed against insects, other defences have evolved that are aimed at vertebrate herbivores, such as birds and mammals. The study of plant defences against...

Pleuropholidae) in the Tethys Sea domain of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. Brito, P. M.; Vullo, R. (2023). "A new species of Pleuropholis...

other habitats. They eat mostly insects and other arthropods. Small vertebrates are occasionally taken. Most species feed in the understory and midstory...

across. Some, like the large great kiskadee, may eat fruit or small vertebrates such as frogs. Kingbirds are flycatchers of the genus Tyrannus. They...

biting flies that live in the tropical regions of Africa. They bite vertebrates, and drink their blood. They are the insect vectors of some serious diseases...

(Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the evergreen forest of Northeast India". Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 557–574. Retrieved April 17, 2024. This short article about...

the skin, the bladder, and elastic cartilage. It is present in all vertebrates above the jawless fish. In humans, elastin is encoded by the ELN gene...

with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–89. ISBN 978-0-521-11331-1...

proteles, a new sauropod from the early Cretaceous of Oklahoma. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (1): 109–114. [2] Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). "Biggest...

many fish and the last surviving trilobites, 70% of all terrestrial vertebrates and many of the large amphibia, primitive reptiles and synapsids. It...

as white blood cells. It is coded for by a large gene family in all vertebrates. The function of is MHC molecules to sense foreign antigens, and hence...

tourists) and a home of over 2300 species of plants and 400 species of vertebrates. The total area of Mount Sanqing is 229 km². It became a National Geopark...

years ago. In the Lower Triassic, they were the most common terrestrial vertebrates. In some fossil beds they make up as many as 95% of the individuals....

adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish...

and mice are often used for animal testing. About 50 to 100 million vertebrate animals and many more invertebrate animals are used around the world every...

dolphins, elephants, rats, mice, and some birds. All these animals are vertebrates, but tool use isn't limited to these: Even cephalopods and arthropods...

Madagascar. The Malagasy civet looks for food at night. It eats small vertebrates, insects, aquatic animals, and eggs stolen from birds' nests. The mating...

means they are animals with a dorsal nerve cord. They are related to vertebrates, animals with backbones. "Salpidae". WoRMS. World Register of Marine...

lichen. It feeds on insects, earthworms, other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as mice and shrews. Males have territories which they defend against...

ceratopsian from the Tuchengzi Formation of Liaoning, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (4): 681–691. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011181. You...

frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from western New Guinea. (Abstract)". Vertebrate Zoology. 58 (1): 83–92. doi:10.3897/vz.58.e30913. S2CID 131314540. Stephen...

normal functioning. Sleep is, so far as is known, universal amongst vertebrates. That also argues for its great importance. However, it is not known...

2008. Tuning in to the signals: non-coding sequence conservation in vertebrate genomes. Trends Genet. 24 (7): 344–52. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.04.005 Van...

leaves, seeds, buds, and mushrooms to insects and spiders to smaller vertebrates. All species have cheek pouches in which they can store food. Gestation...

(2006). "Origin of dental occlusion in tetrapods: signal for terrestrial vertebrate evolution?". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B. 306B (3): 261–277...

analysis of the Centrosaurinae (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (4): 743–760. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011259. ISSN 0272-4634...

(Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. "†Crossopholis Cope 1883" Archived 2024-12-07 at the Wayback...

known glirid from the middle Eocene of Messel (Rodentia)". Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 27 (1): 189–194. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[189:EPSOTO]2...

developing amongst the plankton. In addition, males and females in many vertebrate species spend resources to attract and compete for mates. Sexual selection...

Robert J. 2002. The myth of cannibalism in Coelophysis bauri. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(3); 57A Gay, Robert 2010. Evidence related to the cannibalism...

well as six bat and frog species. The sole endemic (found nowhere else) vertebrate species is a small marsupial carnivore called the Kangaroo Island dunnart...

without falling off. The system has evolved separately in a number of vertebrates, so it is an example of parallel evolution. The leg arrangement of passerine...

ten to fifteen million years older – 518 vs. 505 mya. There were no vertebrates at that time: all the animals were invertebrates. The fauna includes...

Fritz; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 174–176. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December...

Cretaceous (220 to 65.5 million years ago). Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings were made from a flap...

for doping in sports. It was used as a pesticide, for killing small vertebrates such as birds and rodents. Strychnine causes muscular convulsions. It...

are an extinct class of the phylum Chordata. They are now regarded as vertebrates, though the issue is still a live one. For many years conodonts were...

cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is one of the three main types of muscle in vertebrates. It is involuntary: a person cannot control it consciously. Also, it...

5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. It is derived from tryptophan. Serotonin is found in all vertebrates, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets and central nervous...

North America and Eurasia). The caterpillars and adults are poisonous to vertebrates. The caterpillars are thought to be Müllerian mimics with millipedes...

Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 51: 318-343 Stegosauria, in The evolution and extinction...

possible without loss of fitness. In his book, he also suggested that vertebrate genome is the result of one or more entire genome duplications. Variations...

Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia Iskopayemyye pozvonochnyye Mongolii (Fossil Vertebrates of Mongolia)." Trudy Sovmestnay Sovetsko-Mongolskay Paleontologiyeskay...

under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes. Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals...

T.S. 1988. Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8 (3): 241–264. doi:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011708. Kielan-Jaworowska...

flora (often flagellates) inside the digestive systems of insects and vertebrates which digest plant cellulose. These are 'obligate' symbionts, which means...

Pinnipedia) from the late Neogene of Northern California". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27: 50A. "Gray Whale". Fact Sheet. American Cetacean Society...

Insects, carrion and seeds are its main food, but it also takes small vertebrates and eggs. The breeding season of the black-billed magpie starts in May...

Stegocephali is a group containing all four-limbed vertebrates. The word was first used in 1868 by the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who...

ferns, horsetails, and angiosperms. It is one of the most common fossil vertebrates found in the area, and shared its habitat with other large herbivores...

authors list (link) Hildebrand, Milton & Goslow G.E.Jr. (2001). Analysis of vertebrate structure. New York: Wiley. p. 429. ISBN 0-471-29505-1. Schmidt-Nielsen...

manus structure in Triceratops (Ceratopsia: Ceratopsidae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (4): 1136–1147. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29.1136F. doi:10.1671/039...

pathogens. All animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity. People can be immunised from some diseases...

Electroreception is used in electrolocation. Until recently, people thought only vertebrates had electroreception. However, research has shown that bees use electroreception...

brain with input from both eyes. This is the standard equipment for vertebrates and many other types of animals. Humans have a maximum horizontal field...

extinction. Ediacara biota appeared during the Ediacaran period, and vertebrates along with most modern animal groups originated about 525 million years...

Annual aplocheiloid killifish embryos possess a rare ability among vertebrates to enter stages of developmental arrest (diapause) when subjected to...

often with cattle or other large mammals. It catches insect and small vertebrate prey disturbed by these animals. It also captures ticks and flies from...

Middle Cambrian. The conodonts were another Agnatha. The earliest jawed vertebrates developed during the late Ordovician period. During the Devonian period...

to body size, some ceratioids have larger nasal organs than any other vertebrate "Anglerfish, Lophius piscatorius". 10 September 2010. Theodore W. Pietsch...

Utahraptor from the Cedar Mountain Fm. (Lower Cretaceous) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3): 36A. Naish D; Hutt, and Martill D.M. 2001. Saurischian...

Teleostomi is a grouping of fish in the Gnathostomata ('jawed fish'). It contains the extinct Acanthodii ('spiny sharks'), and the Osteichthyes ('bony...

are insectivorous, that is, they eat insects. Some microbats eat small vertebrate animals (small mammals or fish), blood, or even other bats. There are...

embryos reflect their evolutionary past. For example, the embryos of land vertebrates develop gill slits like fish embryos. Of course, this is only a temporary...

Relationships of Dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (1). Australia: The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 51–60. doi:10...

protein which is an enzyme. It adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the end of DNA strands in the telomere regions. The telomeres are...

peak, many of these islands disappear. There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and...

The Carboniferous was the geological period after the Devonian and before the Permian. It lasted from about 359 to about 299 million years ago. It is the...

Berkeley, Los Angeles & London. ISBN 0-520-03582-8 Benton, Michael J. 2005. Vertebrate paleontology. 3rd ed, Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-632-05637-1 Kemp T.S....

structures. They also control substance transport outside cell surfaces. Vertebrates have three main types of cell junction: Adherens junctions: holds cells...

16, 2021. Kansas, Natural Heritage Inventory (January 9, 2014). "Rare Vertebrates Kansas" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2022. Retrieved...

and beetles all have some pollinators who take nectar, and also some vertebrates: bats, birds, monkeys, lemurs, possums, rodents. Wild pollinators often...

rhinencephalon, a small part in the human brain, but much more important in other vertebrates. The piriform cortex is probably the area most closely associated with...

Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 222. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 1864-5755. S2CID 87809001...

Haeckel's concept explained, for example, why humans, and indeed all vertebrates, have gill slits and tails early in embryonic development. His theory...

IG-USP, Publ Esp 7: 69-87. Schobbenhaus C. et al 1984. Geologia do Brasil. p501 Carroll R.L. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. W.H. Freeman....

complex organelles and life styles. Some have structures rather like vertebrates eyes; some have nematocysts; some live as plasmodia (multinucleate forms);...

Sullivan, Robert; Lucas, Spencer (January 2006). "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age"-faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation...

(Jun 19, 1986). "The primitive eutherian dental formula". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 6 (2): 191–196. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011610. JSTOR 4523087...

recent. Contrast those two with something ancient, like the way most land vertebrates walk on four legs. In every case, the older way is very reliable in its...

fuels the snake's venom. The tiger keelback also eats a few other small vertebrates. "The snake that eat toads to steal their poison". Not Exactly Rocket...

(later Katherine Collins), cartoonist and writer Scott Sampson, renowned vertebrate paleontologist; host of the PBS kids show "Dinosaur Train" Jaime Stein...

prey has improved its chance of escape. Play dead (thanatosis): many vertebrate predators reject dead animals. Many predators strike to kill only on prey...

16546079. Rieder CI; Faruki S; Khodjakov A. 2001. The centrosome in vertebrates: more than a microtubule-organizing center. Trends in Cell Biology 11...

(1994). "Implications of body-mass estimates for dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (4): 520–33. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011575. "Anatomy...

near or in sewage outfalls. Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates; they have similar lenses, corneas and retinas. Their eyesight is well...

relatives to the chordata, that is, animals who have spinal cord, such as vertebrates. With the chordates and hemichordates, echinoderms are deuterostomes...

extremely common in evolution. Many of the features of tetrapods (land vertebrates) evolved from features with different functions in the ancestral lobe-finned...

(June 2006). "Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (2): 321–330. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[321:BVITD]2...

correlation with taxa record by geological epoch: the case study of the fossil vertebrates named from Portuguese types". Comunicações Geológicas. 109: 57–64. Jun...

good at hunting at night. They are predators. Their prey includes many vertebrates, such as amphibians, reptiles, small birds and mammals- they even hunt...

brain to body mass ratio falls between that of warm and cold blooded vertebrates. The giant nerve fibers of the cephalopod mantle have been a favourite...

Antenor; Botella, Héctor (2023-06-20). "First record of palaeozoic vertebrates from Peru". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 38 (1): 95–100. doi:10...

crabs. In the UK, cephalopods such as octopuses are regarded as honorary vertebrates under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. This gives them protection...

Pardonet Formation (Norian: Late Triassic) of British Columbia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 838. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0838:GIOTTN]2...

Wayback Machine Skúlason S. & Smith T.B. 1995. Resource polymorphism in vertebrates. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 10, 366–370. Hammond N. & Pearson B...

Insects and seeds are its main food, but it also takes carrion, small vertebrates and eggs. The breeding season of the yellow-billed magpie starts in April...

have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include lungfish, turtles, crocodiles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs...

active. It can extend its jaws in front of its mouth to catch prey. Tiny vertebrates such as tadpoles and fish are part of its diet. Some nymphs even hunt...