User:Michael Nettleton

                CRITIQUE OF MODERN COSMOLOGICAL THEORY.

  The shaky edifice of cosmological theory, derived from observations on the ca 30% of its matter [Krauss (1)] is supported by three pillars. Firstly, that of Relativity [Einstein (2 and 3)] partly, based on the concept that any mass accelerating towards the velocity of light approaches infinity, suggests it remains constant throughout all the history of the complete universe Secondly, Hubble's (4) observation that the red shift of light from galaxies increases with their distance from the observer, often, but not by Hubble, interpreted as a Doppler phenomenon. Thirdly, Penzias and Wilson (5) found that the background temperature of the universe, as measured from earth in every direction, was almost uniform.

  Next, it is important to clarify the inferences of a number of definitions. That of light extends from that visible to the human eye to a spectrum from the far infra-red to gamma-rays. It is that applying to free space, so that any interaction with baryons that exist in the universe at a density of something less than 1/cubic meter, see Copi, Shramm and Turner (6) is neglected. In the absence of dispersive effects, the Einstein velocity is a group rather than a phase one, which depends on frequency. These remarks evidently apply to all the supporting arguments. Finally, it is important to note that measurements of the background temperature are necessarily confined to a very limited range of microwave frequencies.

  These are the basis on which the origin of the universe is postulated via a Big Bang. Before considering it, it is important to point out the implications to most religious beliefs of a constant speed of light and an expanding universe. This implies there must be a barrier to transfer of information by light. Thus, a localised and all-seeing god, postulated by many religions (7, 8 and 9) is ruled out.

  Now consider some of the features that the Big Bang failed to address. There are a number of questions over the uniformity of the velocity of light. For instance, polarised particles in the presence of a charged field can be decelerated from super-velocities, giving rise to the well-known Cerenkov (10) phenomenon of the release of radiation. Next, Einstein was convinvced by the teaching of his supervisor, Minkowski, see Naber (11), of the effects of strong gravitational fields in bending the space-time continuum. Thus, the Einstein velocity is not necessarily a linear one. Finally, Hawking (12 and 13) used the fluctuations of all physical properties predicted by quantum theory [Dirac (14)] to show how a black hole might evaporate via the escape of super-velocity matter. Whilst it may appear incongruous to apply sub-microscopic theory to the most massive of objects the theory has gained wide spread acceptance.

   There is a possibility that shifts in radiation from distant galaxies both to the red and the blue might be explained by dispersive effects of interstellar baryons.

   Next, recent measurements satellite measurements [Boggess et al. (15) and Spengel et al. (16)] demonstrate that there are local anisotropies in the background temperature that are essential for the formation of galaxies. Of even greater import is that these demonstrate that the universe is FLAT and failing to expand as demanded by the Big Bang.   

   Further departures from unalloyed Big Bang postulates are needed. For instance, that of a more rapid rate of expansion in earlier stages of the universe, Guth (17) is a recent addition. Finally, it has failed to account for the disappearance in the earliest stages of the universe of anti-matter, first drawn attention to by Sakharov (18).

  Later pages will draw attention to areas where scientific and religious bodies might contribute resources for further research.

                     REFERENCES

1 Krauss, 2001, 'Quintessence: The Mystery of Missing Mass' Basic Books, New York 2 Einstein, 1925, S.B.Preuss.Akad. Wiss,22,414 3 Einstein, 1945, Rev.Mod.Phys,20,35 4 Hubble, 1929, Proc.Nat.Akad.Sci.USA.,15,168 5 Penzias and Wilson, 1965, Astrophys.J, 142,419 6 Copi, Shramm and Turner, 1995, Science, 267,192 7 King James Bible, 1611 8 Koran, 633 9 Torah, 500 BC 10 Cerenkov, 1934, Dok.Akad.Nauk.SSR, 2,451 11 Naber, 1992, 'The Geometry of Minkowski Spacetime' Springer-Verlag, New York 12 Hawking, 1974, Nature, 248,30 13 Hawking, 1976, PhysRevD13(2),19 14 Dirac, 1947, 'The Principles of Quantum Mechanics' Oxford Univ.Press 15 Boggess et al., 1992, Astrophys.J 397,420 16 Spengel et al., 2003, Astrophys.J Supp 48,175 17 Guth, 1998, 'The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins' 18 Sakharov