Transphobia is common all over the world. It is also found in social justice movements such as feminism. It is especially associated with radical feminism. 'Transmisogyny' is a word that refers to transphobia towards trans women. Julia Serano made it popular with her book Whipping Girl. Cissexism is sometimes used as a synonym for transphobia, and cisphobia is sometimes used as its antonym.
Misgendering is when someone does not use the pronouns preferred by a transgender person, deliberately or by accident.[2]Deadnaming is using a name that someone used before transitioning.[3]
Violence against transgender people
In a 2012 study of transgender people in the United Kingdom, 14% had been sexually assaulted for being transgender. 6% had been raped because they were transgender. These are hate crimes. 38% had been sexually harassed because they were transgender.[4] A review of American studies on sexual violence against transgender people found that about 50% of transgender people had been sexually assaulted.[5]
In 2013 there was a study of transphobia in the American workforce. It found that 26% of transgender people had been fired for being transgender.[7] Transgender people are not protected against employment discrimination under US law. The National Transgender Discrimination Survey found that 60% of Native American transgender people had not been given a job because of being transgender. 10% were sexually assaulted at work.[8]
Prison
Transgender people are put in prison more often than cisgender (non-transgender) people. The biggest study about discrimination against transgender people found that 16% of transgender people had been in prison. Black transgender people were even more likely to have been in prison. 41% of black transgender people said that they had been put in prison because of discrimination.[6] They are often not put in prisons that match their gender identities. They may also be refused hormones.[9] A famous example of this is Chelsea Manning.
Health
Transphobia has been identified as a predictor of HIV risk and suicide attempts in transgender people. A study found that transgender women are 49 times more likely to have HIV compared with adults in general.[10]
Human rights enforcement
In a case before the Human Rights Tribunal in British Columbia several business owners were sued for refusing service to a transgender woman.[11] The transgender person lost the case.[12]
