Spanish Civil War

Spanish Civil War
Part of the Interwar period
Clockwise from top-left: members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite; Granollers after being bombed by Nationalists aviation in 1938; Bombing of an airfield in Spanish Morocco; Republican soldiers at the siege of the Alcázar; Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun; The Lincoln Battalion
Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Spain Morocco Sahara Guinea North Sea Result Nationalist victory End of the Second Spanish Republic Establishment of the Spanish State under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco Mass killings and repression
Belligerents
Republicans Supported by:  Soviet Union  Mexico France	Nationalists Supported by: Italy Nazi Germany Portugal
Casualties and losses
110,000 killed in action[1][2][3] 100,000–130,000 civilians killed inside the Francoist zone[4]	90,000 killed in action[1][2][3] 50,000 civilians killed inside the Republican zone[5]
c. 500,000 total killed

The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. Francisco Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975.

The civil war began after a pronunciamiento (revolt) against the Republican government by the Nationalists. The nationalists were supported by FE de las JONS, a far right political party. During this time, fascist General Francisco Franco and his nationalist troops wanted to take control of the Spanish Republic. The Army split, with about half of the troops being loyal to the Republic.

Many different groups worked together to help the democratic Spanish Republic stop Franco, including Basques, Catalans and other groups.

General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939).

Initial Nationalist zone — July 1936   Nationalist advance until September 1936   Nationalist advance until October 1937   Nationalist advance until November 1938   Nationalist advance until February 1939   Last area under Republican control Main Nationalist centres Main Republican centres

Land battles Naval battles Bombed cities Concentration camps Massacres Refugee camps

Foreign involvement

Support for Republicans

The Soviet Union, Mexico and French Third Republic sold the Republican weapons, the International Brigades was a left wing international militant group formed to fight Franco, many anti-fascist partisans internationally volunteered to fight against Franco, including people from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.

Support for Nationalists

The governments of Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and Second Portuguese Republic provided troops and supplies for Franco.

Death toll and atrocities

Around half-a-million people died in the war, and many atrocities were committed by both sides. The most famous atrocity was the bombing of Guernica. On 26 April 1937, the city was bombed by Legion Condor, a Nazi military unit working for Franco. It was the first time that an air bombing caused so many civilian casualties. The bombing was reported all over the world in newspapers and made people aware of the German involvement.

location of Guernica.

Related pages

• Ireland and the Spanish Civil War
• Proxy war
• European Civil War
• Spain in World War II
• Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War
• SS Cantabria

References

1. Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Penguin Books. London. 1977 (and later editions).
2. Clodfelter 2017, p. 339. sfn error: no target: CITEREFClodfelter2017 (help)
3. Simkin, J. (2012). "Spanish Civil War". The Spanish Civil War Encyclopedia (Ser. Spanish Civil War). University of Sussex, Spartacus Educational E-Books.
4. Manuel Álvaro Dueñas, 2009, p. 126.
5. Casanova 1999