Polypedates

Polypedates
Polypedates leucomystax
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Rhacophoridae
Subfamily:	Rhacophorinae
Genus:	Polypedates Tschudi, 1838
Type species
Hyla leucomystax Gravenhorst, 1829
Diversity
26 species (see text)

Polypedates is a genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, subfamily Rhacophorinae. People call them whipping frogs in English. They live in eastern and southern Asia.^[1]

Scientists have disagreed about whether these frogs should be called Polypedates or Rhacophorus. molecular phylogenetic studies show that they are two different groups of frogs and not the same group. Polypedates and Taruga are considered to be the sister taxon of Feihyla and Rhacophorus.^[1][2]

Species

These species are in the genus Polypedates, and scientists find more often:^[1]

• Polypedates assamensis Mathew & Sen, 2009
• Polypedates bengalensis Purkayastha et al., 2019^[3]
• Polypedates braueri (Vogt, 1911) – White-lipped treefrog or Java treefrog
• Polypedates colletti (Boulenger, 1890) – Collett's whipping frog, black-spotted tree frog, or Collett's tree frog
• Polypedates cruciger Blyth, 1852 – Sri Lanka whipping frog or common hour-glass tree-frog
• Polypedates discantus Rujirawan, Stuart, and Aowphol, 2013 – Malayan slender treefrog
• Polypedates hecticus Peters, 1863 – Samara flying frog
• Polypedates himalayensis (Annandale, 1912) – Himalayan tree frog
• Polypedates impresus Yang, 2008
• Polypedates insularis Das, 2005 – Nicobarese tree frog
• Polypedates iskandari Riyanto, Mumpuni & McGuire, 2011
• Polypedates leucomystax (Gravenhorst, 1829) – common tree frog, four-lined tree frog, striped tree frog, "white-lipped tree frog" (formerly often in P. maculatus)
• Polypedates macrotis (Boulenger, 1891) – Bongao tree frog
• Polypedates maculatus (Gray, 1830) – common Indian tree frog, Chunam tree frog
• Polypedates megacephalus Hallowell, 1861 – spot-legged tree frog, Hong Kong whipping frog, "brown tree frog"
• Polypedates mutus (Smith, 1940) – northern treefrog
• Polypedates occidentalis Das and Dutta, 2006 – western tree frog
• Polypedates otilophus (Boulenger, 1893) – file-eared tree frog, Borneo eared frog
• Polypedates pseudocruciger Das and Ravichandran, 1998 – false hour-glass tree frog or yellow tree frog
• Polypedates pseudotilophus Matsui, Hamidy, and Kuraishi, 2014
• Polypedates ranwellai Wickramasingha, Munindradasa, and Fernando, 2012 – Ranwella's spined tree frog
• Polypedates subansiriensis Mathew & Sen, 2009 – Subansiri's tree frog
• Polypedates taeniatus (Boulenger, 1906) – Bengal whipping Frog, Bengal whipping tree frog, or Terai tree frog
• Polypedates teraiensis (Dubois, 1987) – common tree frog, six-lined tree frog, Terai tree frog, or Perching frog
• Polypedates zed (Dubois, 1987) – Nepalese tree frog or Narayanghat whipping frog

The recently described Polypedates bijui^[4] has now been renamed as Beddomixalus bijui, the only species in its genus.

Phylogeny

Pyron & Wiens (2011) say that the frogs are related to each other this way.^[5] 8 species are included. Polypedates is a sister group of Feihyla. Together, Polypedates and Feihyla form a sister group to Rhacophorus.^[5]

Polypedates	Polypedates eques Polypedates fastigo Polypedates colletti Polypedates maculatus Polypedates cruciger Polypedates leucomystax Polypedates mutus Polypedates megacephalus

Another group of scientists, Kuraishi, et al. (2013), say the frogs are related to each other this way.^[6] Polypedates and Rhacophorus are estimated to have split off from their most recent common ancestor 26.6 million years ago during the Oligocene.

Polypedates

Taruga Taruga eques Taruga fastigo Taruga longinasus Polypedates otilophus (Borneo) Polypedates colletti (Southeast Asian) (South Asian clade) Polypedates maculatus Polypedates cruciger Polypedates sp. (Malay clade) Polypedates macrotis (Sunda) Polypedates cf. mutus sp. 1 (South China clade) Polypedates braueri (North China clade) Polypedates impresus[7][8] (Laos clade) Polypedates leucomystax (Sunda clade) Polypedates megacephalus (Indochina clade)

References

1. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Polypedates Tschudi, 1838". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
2. Li, Jiatang; Dingqi Rao; Robert W. Murphy; Yaping Zhang (2011). "The systematic status of rhacophorid frogs" (PDF). Asian Herpetological Research. 2: 1–11. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-20.
3. Purkayastha, Jayaditya; Das, Madhurima; Mondal, Kingshuk; Mitra, Shibajee; Chaudhuri, Anirban; Das, Indraneil (2019). "A new species of Polypedates Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from West Bengal State, Eastern India". Zootaxa. 4691 (5): 525–540. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4691.5.6. PMID 31719380. S2CID 207936668.
4. Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011
5. R. Alexander Pyron; John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 543–583. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012. PMID 21723399.
6. KURAISHI, N., MATSUI, M., HAMIDY, A., BELABUT, D. M., AHMAD, N., PANHA, S., SUDIN, A., YONG, H. S., JIANG, J.-P., OTA, H., THONG, H. T. and NISHIKAWA, K. (2013), Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia). Zoologica Scripta, 42: 54–70. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00562.x
7. Pan, S., N. Dang, J.S. Wang, Y. Zheng, D.Q. Rao, and J.T. Li. 2013. Molecular phylogeny supports the validity of Polypedates impresus Yang 2008. Asian Herpetological Research 4: 124–133.
8. Identified by Pan, et al. (2013) as Polypedates impresus, but given in Kuraishi, et al. (2013) as Polypedates cf. mutus.

Other websites

• Media related to Polypedates at Wikimedia Commons