The pelagic zone is the open sea or ocean that is not near the coast. The name comes from the Greek πέλαγος (pélagos), which might be translated as "open...

bottom), with plankton, living in the upper pelagic zone. The problem is addressed by extending the pelagic zone down below the light to the bathypelagic...

into adults. Most marine invertebrates and many fish have a pelagic larval stage or pelagic eggs. These live in the plankton, and may be transported long...

Pteropods are free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs. They are marine opisthobranch gastropods. Are they a natural group? The monophyly of Pteropoda...

species of fish. Most mackerel are from the Scombridae family. They are pelagic fish, found in both temperate and tropical seas. Most live along the coast...

to sink. Demersal fish are bottom feeders. They can be contrasted with pelagic fish which live and feed away from the bottom in the open water column...

subclass Heterobranchia, class Gastropoda. They are small pelagic gastropods. Sea angels are pelagic, meaning that they live in the open ocean. They can be...

Tropicbirds are pelagic seabirds that occur in tropical areas and seas of the world. There are three living species. Before they were put in their own...

tropical and temperate waters throughout the world's oceans. It is a true pelagic species, but it inhabits the cooler, deeper water of tropical regions....

long. It was a predator of small fish; the fish ate plankton in the upper pelagic layers of the sea. This short article about biology can be made longer...

water and eat invertebrates or other small animals. However, some are pelagic (sea birds), some occupy deserts, and a few are found in thick forest....

The yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a species of tuna found in pelagic waters of tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide. Yellowfin is often marketed...

Onchidiidae: a family of air-breathing sea slugs. Sea butterflies: a group of pelagic sea snails sometimes called pteropods. They belong to the clade Thecosomata...

trawling (also known as pelagic trawling). This is where a net is towed higher in the water column. Midwater trawling catches pelagic fish such as anchovies...

there was a deep ocean anoxic event, which wiped out all the animals below pelagic waters. Ichthyosaurs, being reptiles, came to the surface to breath, but...

sedentary, free-living, parasitic, saprophyte, terrestrial, arboreal, aquatic, pelagic, diurnal, nocturnal, are all modes of life or habits. William Chambers;...

planktic foraminifera. Emiliani C. 1954. Depth habitats of some species of pelagic foraminifera as indicated by oxygen isotope ratios. American Journal of...

Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic. Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their...

color.p43 Transparent or partly transparent animals are common in the pelagic layer of the sea. These are the layers into which light penetrates. The...

and even on damp land areas. In the sea, they live both in the plankton (pelagic), and in the deeper water (the benthos). They have tests (like shells)...

Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a species of small pelagic octopus. It is also known as the glowing sucker octopus. The octopus is found at great depths in...

world’s fish catch comes from the Humboldt Current. The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel. This high productivity supports...

PMID 22928644. Carpenter, E.J.; Capone, D.G.; Rueter, J.G., eds. (1991). Marine Pelagic Cyanobacteria: Trichodesmium and other diazothrophs. Dordrecht.: Kluwer...

Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific. It is a pelagic fish, which means that it lives near the surface of the ocean. They can...

Most marine invertebrates and many fish have a life cycle with pelagic larvae or even pelagic eggs. These can be transported long distances, and so spread...

hydrozoan is called a siphonophore. The chondrophores are another type of pelagic colonial hydrozoan. They are also carnivores, but their sting is not so...

Michael Grayson (April 22, 2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. ISBN 9781907807442. Retrieved January 7, 2021. This short article...

These can sometimes be enlarged to flattened plates, forming an armour. In pelagic species the skeleton is absent. Sea cucumbers communicate with each other...

(Scomber scombrus), also known as Boston mackerel, or simply mackerel, is a pelagic schooling species of mackerel found on both sides of the North Atlantic...

turtles, manta rays, eagle rays, barracuda, marlin and other reef and pelagic species. Tuna and yellowfin tuna are also abundant. The Celebes Sea is...

Michael Grayson (April 22, 2020). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. ISBN 9781907807428. Retrieved August 13, 2020. This short article...

Saurostomus is an extinct genus of pelagic pachycormiform from the early Toarcian of Europe. Its only species is S. esocinus. Fossil remains have been...

Gorgonichthys were 6 metre-long top predators in the middle and upper pelagic zones. Materpiscis Wikispecies has information on: Placodermi. "Fossil...

generally. Anemones can be found in deep oceans as well, and a few are pelagic. An anemone has an oral disk on the top of its body. The sea anemone’s...

free-floating hydroids. Their life-style in the plankton is similar to that of pelagic jellyfish. The chondrophores look like a single organism but are cooperatives...

Coleoidea). Cephalopods are found in all the oceans of the world and at all pelagic levels. None of them can live in freshwater (water with no salt in it)...

Michael Grayson (April 22, 2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. Retrieved October 13, 2023. This short article about biology...

but it is an apparently incorrect spelling variant. Lampriformes are pelagic feeders that stay well above the sea floor, and normally occur in waters...

world today. It can grow up to 17 metres (56 ft) long. Oarfish live in the pelagic zone. This means that they live in water that is not near the shore and...

sea nettle feeds on different types of zooplankton, crustaceans, salps, pelagic snails, small fish as well as their eggs and larvae, and other jellyfish...

enteropneusts have both types of development. The indirect development has a long pelagic larval stage. These species have a larval stage which feeds on plankton...

(2008). "Vertical structure, biomass and topographic association of deep-pelagic fishes in relation to a mid-ocean ridge system" (PDF). Deep-Sea Research...

2024. Briney, Kristin (September 2015). Data Management for Researchers. Pelagic Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78427-013-1. Ghavami, Peter (9 November 2020). Big...

marine invertebrates. They are part of the plankton, and there are also pelagic species. The phylum includes the sea gooseberry (Pleurobrachia pileus)...

squid, crustaceans, octopi, and worms. They are both benthic (bottom) and pelagic (oceanic) feeders (in shallow water). Belugas sometimes hunt schools of...

were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with. More than...

surface to depths as deep as 1,460 metres. The spiny dogfish feeds mainly on pelagic fish such as herring, menhaden, capelin, sand lance, and mackerel. The...

sharks are found worldwide, in temperate and tropical waters. They are a pelagic species that rarely comes near shore. They have been known to frequently...

especially at coral reefs, but a few, such as the ocean triggerfish are pelagic. Triggerfish are very popular in the marine aquarium trade. However, they...

Morocco, Africa, Poland, Belgium, China, and the USA. This fish was a pelagic creature living in open waters, and one of the first vertebrate apex predators...

shelfs and seas, temperate upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral, pelagic, abyssal, and hadal (ocean trench) — which correspond to the terrestrial...

Habitat kelp forest pack ice hydrothermal vents cold seeps benthic zone pelagic zone neritic zone The Endolithic biome, consisting entirely of microscopic...

habit could be entirely aquatic. They were well-adapted to life as fully pelagic organisms because they never needed to come onto land. The babies were...

zoologist Franz Hermann Troschel (1810–1882). It is native to the neritic pelagic zone of the shallow water coral reefs in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and...

Michael Grayson (April 22, 2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. ISBN 9781907807442. Retrieved December 6, 2021. This short...

the only living genus in the Argonautidae family. They are a group of pelagic octopods. They are also called paper nautiluses, because of the paper-thin...

and echinoderms live over the encrusting coralline algae. In addition, pelagic fishes and marine mammals are loosely associated with kelp forests, usually...

triggered by rough seas which disperse the eggs and sperm. Larvae are pelagic for a couple of weeks before settling onto a hard substrate. Clarkson E...

"Pelagic Ocean", which is not really the Pacific Ocean. The story is set in the 1860s. Most of the story happens on an island in the "Southern Pelagic...

Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. This short article about biology...

crustaceans. When they've grown to 30–40 cm, they will start feeding on pelagic fish and cephalopods. Argyrosomus regius is fished using trawls. The main...

in the eastern Pacific. Although the Silky shark is mainly found in the pelagic zone, the Silky shark is not just found in the open ocean, but has also...

haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster and several species of flatfish and pelagic fish such as sand lance and capelin. Bigger amounts are in the southern...

Baikal". Bioluminescence is found in the sea at all levels.: planktonic, pelagic and benthic organisms. Some planktonic groups, such as dinoflagellates...

to the shape of the shark's head. The scalloped hammerhead is a coastal pelagic species. It is found in continental and insular shelves, and in nearby...

In Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – had a series of adaptations:  • Panderichthys...

that the sailfish use the bill for hunting. The Atlantic sailfish is a pelagic fish of tropical and temperate waters in the Atlantic Ocean. It ranges...

In the later Devonian, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish — like Eusthenopteron — were followed by: Panderichthys, suited to muddy shallows; Tiktaalik...

Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8. "Leptodactylus avivoca Carvalho...

Michael; Grayson, Michael (2013-04-22). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. ISBN 978-1-907807-44-2. Angelsen, Arild; Brockhaus, Maria;...

maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Hempel, G.: The krill-dominated pelagic system of the Southern Ocean. Envir. Inter. 13, pp. 33 – 36; 1987. Hempel...

can be pulled in or out. The mouth is surrounded by a ring of cilia. Has pelagic larvae. Mollusca: a great phylum by number of species and by variety of...

benthic (they live on or near the ocean floor), the whale shark lives in the pelagic zone. Studies show that this shark prefers warm waters, with surface temperatures...

specialized for crushing, and it feeds on a variety of prey, including shrimp, pelagic octopuses, fish, squid, and possibly crabs and deep-sea rockfish. Little...

Experiments with the black-and-yellow sea snake, Pelamis platurus (a pelagic species), have shown that this species can get about 20% of its oxygen...

food. Because of its flexible body it is not known whether Opabinia was pelagic or benthic. Additionally, Opabinia swam using flaps on its sides and a...

invertebrates. In addition, it is a passage area for several species of pelagic fish and marine mammals, including dolphins. Dense cold-water corals have...

M. Watkins and M. Grayson (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing Ltd. Carrizo, G. R. (1989) Un nuevo hílido (Amphibia: Anura)...

These immense gatherings fuel the ocean food web. Most forage fish are pelagic fish, which means they form their schools in open water, and not on or...

"Preliminary performance assessment of an underwater line setting device for pelagic longline fishing" New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research...

(4.8–6 metres) before becoming mature. The basking shark is a coastal-pelagic species, found throughout the world's arctic and temperate waters. In the...

commonly targets this species and it is also caught as by-catch in both pelagic and gillnet fisheries. Their fins are highly prized and are exported to...

A colony of pelagic salp...

ciguatera poisoning from this fish. The larva hatch and drift out in to the pelagic zone. They drift in the waves and grow up until they go to a reef. Males...

prefers clear water with coral and rocky bottoms. Although it is a coastal-pelagic species, it is capable of crossing considerable distances of open ocean...

Marrus orthocanna is a species of pelagic siphonophore, a colonial animal. It has zooids, some of which are polyps and some medusae. It lives in the Arctic...

In the late Devonian, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – showed a sequence of adaptations: Panderichthys, suited to muddy...

In late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – exhibited a sequence of adaptations: Panderichthys...

Pelagic early pluteus larva of Echinocardium cordatum...

Circular ring cluster of pelagic salps...

Vannier, Jean; Chen, Jun-Yuan (2000). "The Early Cambrian colonization of pelagic niches exemplified by Isoxys (Arthropoda)". Lethaia. 33 (4): 295–311. Bibcode:2000Letha...

A thresher shark. This one is called the pelagic thresher....

In Late Devonian vertebrate speciation, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish—like Eusthenopteron—exhibited a sequence of adaptations: * Panderichthys...

Schematic representation of the pelagic and benthic zonation in the ocean...

Phalacrocorax harrisi, Galapagos cormorant (2017) Phalacrocorax pelagicus, pelagic cormorant (2017) Order Tinamiformes Tinamus guttatus, white-throated tinamou...

In the Late Devonian, descendants of pelagic lobe-finned fish – like Eusthenopteron – adapted for life on land step-by-step: Panderichthys, which lived...

Coldwater Coral reef Deep-sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic...

Coldwater Coral reef Deep-sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic...