Old Welsh

Old Welsh is the early stage of Welsh language, developed into Mid Welsh in 1100.[1] The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Old

Old Welsh
ᚉᚑᚋᚏᚐᚓᚌ
Pronunciation[kɵmräe̞g]
Era800—1100
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3owl

Old Welsh is the early stage of Welsh language, developed into Mid Welsh in 1100.[1] The preceding period, from the time Welsh became distinct from Old Briton around 550, has been called "Primitive"[1] or "Archaic Welsh".[2]

Phonology

The phonology of Old Welsh is as follows.[3]

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m̥ʰ m n̥ʰ n ŋ̊ʰ ŋ
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Fricative ɸ β θ ð s x h
Approximant w r̥ʰ r j
Lateral l ɬ
Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ ʉ u
Mid e̞ ə ɵ o̞
Open ä
  • Older /ɔ/ was diphthongized into /aw/ in (stressed) final syllables, but it was retained elsewhere. Whilst this persisted as a diphthong in Middle Welsh, in Modern Welsh /aw/ has collapsed to /o/ following the stress shift to the penultimate, except in monosyllables.
  • [ə] and [ɵ] were allophones of /ɨ/ and /u/ in unstressed non-final syllables. In Middle Welsh these merged to [ə].
  • Old Welsh /ei/ and /eʉ/ became /ai/ and /aɨ/ in Modern Welsh final syllables, in dialects where /ɨ/ has not merged with /i/.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Koch (2006), p. 1757.
  2. ↑ Willis (2009), p. 1.
  3. ↑ Willis (2009), pp. 117–160, Old and Middle Welsh.

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