Mandela received more than 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). Mandela was described as a hero, and his actions gave thousands of people hope.
Mandela was sick for several years during his retirement. He was hospitalized in late summer of 2013 from a continuous lunginfection.[3] Mandela died on 5 December 2013 in Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from a respiratory tract infection.[3] He was 95 years old.[3]
Early life
Mandela during his younger years in 1937
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, South Africa.[2] He had thirteen siblings by the same father, and two mothers.[4] His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa[5] and Nosekeni Nonqaphi .[6] His given name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa name meaning pulling the branch of a tree or informally, troublemaker. He was a member of the Thembu royal family.[7] On his first day of school, he was given the name Nelson by his teacher Miss Mdingane.[8] Giving children in Africa English names was a custom among Africans during that period.[8]
Mandela's father died when he was twelve.[9] Mandela then lived with the local regent who sent him to school. He was the first member of his family to go to a school.[10] He was expelled from Fort Hare University in 1941, because he led a group of students on politicalstrike.[11][12] After he was expelled, Nelson found a good job as a night watchman.[13]
A trial was later held and became known as the Rivonia Trial. Mandela was on trial because of his involvement in sabotage and violence in 1962.[16] He was sentenced to life in prison,[14] and was sent to Robben Island, but was transferred to Victor Verster Prison in 1988. In 1990, he was let out of Victor Verster Prison after 26.5 years. He left prison after de Klerk removed a ban on the African National Congress. He ordered Mandela's release. He then received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, with former State President of South Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk.[2]
Presidency
Mandela moved into the Presidential Office of Tuynhuys, Cape Town.
Mandela won the general election in April 1994. His inauguration was in Pretoria on 10 May 1994. Many people around the world saw his inauguration on television. The event had 4000 guests, including world leaders from different backgrounds. Mandela was the first South AfricanPresident elected in a completely democratic election.[17]
Mandela with US President Bill Clinton in July 1993
As South Africa's first black President,[17][18] Mandela became head of the Government of National Unity which was under controlled by the African National Congress (or ANC). The ANC had no knowledge in politics, but had representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. In keeping with earlier promises, de Klerk became first Deputy President, while Thabo Mbeki was chosen second.[19]
Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for president, Mandela soon trusted Mbeki throughout his presidency. This allowed Mbeki to organize policy details. Mandela moved into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town. He would settle into the nearby Westbrooke Manor. Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal.[20] Preserving his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu.[21] He visited Qunu regularly, walking around the area, meeting with local people who lived there, and judging tribal problems.[22]
Although in favor of freedom of the press, Mandela was important of much of the country's media because it was owned and run by many middle-class whites. Mandela became known for his use of Batikshirts, known as Madiba shirts, even on normal events.[26] Mandela had never planned on serving a second term in office. Mandela gave his farewellspeech on 29 March 1999, after which he retired.[27] Mandela's term ended on 14 June 1999. Thabo Mbeki succeeded Mandela as President of South Africa.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in 1993.[2] After receiving the prize he said:
"We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social operation whose very essence is war, violence, racism, oppression, repression and the impoverishment of an entire people."[2]
Personal life
Mandela was married three times and has six children. He had seventeen grandchildren,[28] and a growing number of great-grandchildren.[29] Though physically non-emotional with his children, he could be stern and demanding.[30]
Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944. They had two children.[31] Mandela remained married to Evelyn until they divorced in 1957. Evelyn died in 2004.[32] He then married Winnie Madikizela in 1958. They had two daughters. The couple filed for separation in 1992. They divorced in 1996.[33] Mandela married again to Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in 1998. She was the widow of Samora Machel. Machel was the former Mozambican president and ANC ally who was killed in an air crash 12 years earlier.[34]
In June 2004, Mandela announced that he was retiring from public life. Mandela said "Don't call me, I will call you".[36] Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the Nelson Mandela Foundation denied invitations for him to appear at public events and most interview requests.[37]
On 27 March 2013, Mandela was hospitalized in Pretoria from a lunginfection. It was reported on 28 March that he was responding well to treatment.[17][38] Mandela was again hospitalized on 7 June from another lung infection,[39] On 23 June, his condition was announced to be critical. On 26 June, it was announced that Mandela was put on life-support.[40] On 4 July, Mandela's family announced that Mandela was under life-support[41][42] and he was in a permanent persistent vegetative state.[43] The next day, the South African government denied the fact that Mandela was in a vegetative state.[44] Mandela was discharged from the hospital on 1 September 2013.[45]
2013 death rumor
A crowd gathering at the old Cape Town City Hall the day after Mandela's death
Many South Africans thought that Mandela died overnight on 26 June after he was removed from his life support.[46] The South African government said that Mandela is still alive despite the rumor that he died.[46] It was later reported that the rumor was just a death hoax. CNN also reported that Mandela died, but later fixed the report soon afterwards. Photos were taken with Mandela and First LadyMichelle Obama as proof that Mandela was still alive.
US President Barack Obama delivers his speech at Mandela's state memorial service
On 6 December, Zuma announced a national mourning for ten days.[48] An event for an official memorial service was held at the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg on Tuesday 10 December.[48] He declared Sunday 8 December a national day of prayer: "We call upon all our people to gather in halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues and in their homes to pray and hold prayer services and meditation reflecting on the life of Madiba and his contribution to our country and the world."[48]
On 28 June Mandela's family were arguing about where to bury Mandela.[52] On 29 June the South African government announced that a memorial service for Mandela will be held 10 to 14 days after his death at Soccer City.[53] On 1 July it was announced that if Mandela were to die he might become the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey.[54][55] Queen Elizabeth II honored Mandela with a thanksgiving service at Westminster Abbey in early 2014. This made Mandela the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey.[56][57] Mandela was buried in the village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.[3] Qunu is where he grew up.[3]
In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey. He refused the award, because of human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time.[63] He later accepted the award in 1999.[64]
By the time of his death, Mandela had come to be widely considered "the father of the nation" within South Africa.[88] He is also seen as "the national liberator, the savior, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one".[89] Throughout his life, Mandela had also faced criticism. Margaret Thatcher attracted international attention for describing the ANC as "a typical terrorist organization" in 1987.[90] She later made favors to release Mandela from prison.[90] Mandela has also been criticized for his friendship with political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Suharto.[91][92]
↑"Mandela in Pakistan". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. 3 October 1992. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
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