List of monarchs by time

Hassanal Bolkiah is the longest-reigning current monarch.

A monarch is the head of a monarchy, a form of government in which a state is ruled by an individual who normally rules for life or until abdication, and typically inherits the throne by birth.[1] Monarchs may be autocrats (as in all absolute monarchies)[2] or may be ceremonial figureheads, exercising only limited or no reserve powers at all, with actual authority vested in a legislature and/or executive cabinet (as in many constitutional monarchies).[3] In many cases, a monarch will also be linked with a state religion.[4] Most states only have a single monarch at any given time, although a regent may rule when the monarch is a minor, not present, or otherwise incapable of ruling.[5] Cases in which two monarchs rule simultaneously over a single state, as is the current situation in Andorra, are known as coregencies.[6]

List of rulers

Colors

  Asia
  Europe   Africa

Current monarchies

Title Monarch Foundation
of monarchy 		Since Length Ref Flag Age of
monarchy
Co-Prince Joan Enric Vives i Sicília 1278 2003 19 years, 268 days [7][8]  Andorra 814-815 Years
Emmanuel Macron 2017 5 years, 266 days
King Charles III 1707 2022 149 days [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]  Antigua and Barbuda

 Australia

 The Bahamas

 Belize

 Canada

 Grenada

 Jamaica

 New Zealand

 Papua New Guinea

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

 Saint Lucia

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

 Solomon Islands

 Tuvalu

 United Kingdom

and more

315 Years
King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa 1783 1999 23 years, 335 days [24]  Bahrain 319 Years
King Philippe 1831 2013 9 years, 198 days [25][26]  Belgium 221 Years
Druk Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 1907 2006 16 years, 51 days [27]  Bhutan 115 Years
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah 1363 1967 55 years, 122 days [28]  Brunei 719 Years
King Norodom Sihamoni 68 CE 2004 18 years, 113 days [29][30]  Cambodia 1955 Years
Queen Margrethe II 710 1972 51 years, 21 days [31]  Denmark 1313 Years
King Mswati III 1750s 1986 36 years, 285 days [32][33][34]  Eswatini 222-223 Years
Emperor Naruhito 11 February 660 BC (mythical), 2681 years ago. historical origin is disputed. was Emperor Jimmu 2019 3 years, 279 days [source?].[35][36][37][38]  Japan 2681 Years (Disputed)
King Abdullah II 1946 1999 23 years, 362 days [39][40]  Jordan 76 Years
Emir Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah 1752 2020 2 years, 128 days [41][42]

[43][44]

 Kuwait
King Letsie III 1822 1996 26 years, 362 days [45][46]  Lesotho
Prince Hans-Adam II 1608 1989 33 years, 83 days [fn 1][47]  Liechtenstein
Grand Duke Henri 1815 2000 22 years, 120 days [49]  Luxembourg
Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah 1957 2019 4 years, 4 days [50][51]  Malaysia
Prince Albert II 1604 2005 17 years, 304 days [52][53]  Monaco
King Mohammed VI 788 or 1666 1999 23 years, 198 days [54][fn 2]  Morocco
Willem-Alexander 1815 2013 9 years, 282 days [56]  Netherlands
Harald V 872 1991 32 years, 20 days [57][fn 3]  Norway
Sultan Haitham bin Tariq 751 2020 3 years, 26 days [58]  Oman 1272 Years
Emir Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani 1851 2013 9 years, 226 days [59]  Qatar
King Salman 1832 2015 8 years, 14 days [fn 4] [61]  Saudi Arabia
Felipe VI 1474 or 1475 Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon 2014 8 years, 232 days [62][fn 5]  Spain
Carl XVI Gustaf 970 1973 49 years, 144 days [64][fn 6]  Sweden 1053 Years
Vajiralongkorn 1238 2016 6 years, 116 days [66]  Thailand
Tupou VI 1845 2012 10 years, 325 days [67][68]  Tonga 177 Years
President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan 1971 2022 268 days [69][70]  United Arab Emirates 51 Years
Pope Pope Francis 1 AD 13 March 2013 9 years, 328 days [71]   Vatican City 2021 Years

Former monarchies

See the main article: Draft:List of fomer Monarchs
Name Formation First monarch Abolition Flag Ref
France 500s Charles the Bald
France
Clovis I
Francia		 1870  France [72][73][74]
Saxony 500s Hadugato
Rudolph I
Electorate of Saxony		 1918  Saxony [75]
Germany 843 Louis II the German  Germany [76][77]
Mecklenburg ? or 1167 ? and Pribislaus I  Mecklenburg [78]
England 800s Alfred the Great 1707 now UK  England [79]
Georgia 302 BC Pharnavaz I 1801  Georgia [80][81]

Longest-reigning

List
No. Title Image Monarch Foundation
of monarchy 		Length Ref Flag
1 King Louis XIV 500s 72 years, 110 days [82]  France
2 Queen Elizabeth II 1707 70 years, 214 days [83][84][85]  United Kingdom
3 King Rama IX 1238 70 years, 126 days [86]  Thailand
4 Prince Johann II 1608 70 years, 91 days [87]  Liechtenstein
5 ? Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I ? 68 years, 33 days [88][89] Palenque (Mexico)
6 Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary Franz Joseph I 1000 or 1270s 67 years, 355 days [90]  Austrian Empire Austria-Hungary
7 ? Chan Imix Kʼawiil ? 67 years, 130 days [91][92] Copán (Honduras)
8 King Ferdinand III 1800s 65 years, 90 days [93] Sicily

 Two Sicilies

Notes

  1. ↑ Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990. Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[47] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[48]
  2. ↑ Coronation took place 30 July 1999.[55]
  3. ↑ Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[57]
  4. ↑ Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions:[60]
  5. ↑ Succession is based upon male primogeniture. However, Felipe VI currently has no male children.[63]
  6. ↑ Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[65]

References

  1. ↑ "Monarch". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  2. ↑ Herb, Michael (1999). All in the family: absolutism, revolution, and democracy in the Middle East. New York: SUNY Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-7914-4168-8.
  3. ↑ Spellman, W. M. (2001). Monarchies 1000–2000. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-1-86189-087-0.
  4. ↑ Harris, Nathanial (2009). Systems of Government: Monarchy. London: Evans Brothers. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-237-53932-0.
  5. ↑ "Regent". CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
  6. ↑ Hindley, Geoffrey (2000). The Royal Families of Europe. London: Constable & Robinson. pp. 1–6. ISBN 978-0-7867-0828-4.
  7. ↑ "Recepció de Nadal del copríncep episcopal Joan-Enric Vives". Portal web del Govern d’Andorra (in Catalan). Government of Andorra. 23 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  8. ↑ Constitution of Andorra, Ch. 3.
  9. ↑ Government of the United Kingdom. "The King of the Commonwealth". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Archived from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  10. ↑ Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Art. 68.
  11. ↑ Constitution of Australia, Art. 61.
  12. ↑ Constitution of the Bahamas, Art. 71.
  13. ↑ Constitution of Belize, Art. 36.
  14. ↑ Constitution of Canada, Art. 9.
  15. ↑ Constitution of Grenada, Art. 57.
  16. ↑ Constitution of Jamaica, Art. 68.
  17. ↑ Constitution Act 1986: Part 1.
  18. ↑ Constitution of Papua New Guinea, Art. 82.
  19. ↑ Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Art. 51.
  20. ↑ Constitution of Saint Lucia, Art. 59.
  21. ↑ Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Art. 50.
  22. ↑ Constitution of Solomon Islands, Art. 1.
  23. ↑ Constitution of Tuvalu, Art. 48.
  24. ↑ "The Kingdom of Bahrain: The Constitutional Changes". The Estimate. The International Estimate, Inc. 22 February 2002. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  25. ↑ "The Belgian Monarchy" (PDF). Government of Belgium, Chancellery of the Prime Minister. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  26. ↑ Herzogliche Hauptverwaltung. "The House of Wettin". Das Herzogliche Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha. The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's Family Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  27. ↑ Staff writer (15 December 2006). "Bhutanese king steps down early". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  28. ↑ Government of Brunei. "Prime Minister". The Royal Ark. Office of the Prime Minister. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  29. ↑ Government of Cambodia. "The Monarchy". Royal Embassy of Cambodia in the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  30. ↑ Corfield, Justin J. (2009). The history of Cambodia. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-313-35722-0.
  31. ↑ Government of Denmark. "Her Majesty The Queen of Denmark". The Danish Monarchy. Royal Court of Denmark. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  32. ↑ Marwick, Brian Allan (1940). The Swazi: an ethnographic account of the natives of the Swaziland Protectorate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–75.
  33. ↑ Rubin, N.N. (28 July 2009). "The Swazi Law of Succession: A Restatement". Journal of African Law. 9 (2). Cambridge University Press: 90–113. doi:10.1017/S0021855300001108. S2CID 143385608.
  34. ↑ Simelane, H.S. (2005), "Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of", in Shillington, Kevin (ed.), Encyclopedia of African history, vol. 3, Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 1528–30, 9781579584559
  35. ↑ Embassy of Japan in Pakistan (7 December 2007). "National Day of Japan to be celebrated" (Press release). Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  36. ↑ Skya, Walter (2009). Japan's holy war: the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism. Duke University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8223-4423-0.
  37. ↑ National Committee of Japanese Historians (1990). Historical studies in Japan. Vol. VII. Brill Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 978-4-634-65040-4.
  38. ↑ Seagrave, Sterling; Seagrave, Peggy (2001). The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family. Broadway Books. pp. 4–10. ISBN 978-0-7679-0497-1.
  39. ↑ Government of Jordan. "His Majesty King Abdullah II". Abdullah II Official Website. The Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  40. ↑ Government of Jordan. "The Hashemites: Introduction". Office of King Hussein I. The Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  41. ↑ Constitution of Kuwait, Art. 4.
  42. ↑ Cordesman, Anthony H (2007). Gulf military forces in an era of asymmetric wars. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-275-99250-7.: "The royal family, Al Sabah, has two branches—Al Jaber and Al Salem—and has traditionally alternated in ruling Kuwait. This tradition, however, has changed following the death of Jaber Al Sabah [1977–2006]."
  43. ↑ Political Risk Yearbook, 1998. Political Risk Services. 1998. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85271-371-3.: "The two branches of the Al-Sabah family, the Jabers and the Salems, have traditionally alternated their rule, one providing the emir and the other the crown prince (also serving as prime minister)
  44. ↑ Government of Kuwait. "H.H. Amir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah". Diwan of the Almiri Court. Archived from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  45. ↑ Government of Lesotho. "His Majesty King Letsie III". The Lesotho Monarchy. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  46. ↑ Olivier, J. "Basotho in Lesotho". Sesotho Online. Sesotho Online. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Government of Liechtenstein. "Prince Hans-Adam II". Portal of the Principality of Liechtenstein. Government Spokesperson’s Office. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  48. ↑ Image Liechtenstein. "The Principality of Liechtenstein" (PDF). Portal of the Principality of Liechtenstein. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  49. ↑ Government of Luxembourg. "Grand Duke Henri". Press and Information Service. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  50. ↑ National Library of Malaysia. "Election of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong". Government of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  51. ↑ National Library of Malaysia. "Yang di-Pertuan Agong XIV". Government of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  52. ↑ Agence France-Presse (20 November 2005). "Prince Albert's Monaco enthronement complete". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  53. ↑ "Biography". Prince's Palace of Monaco. 2011. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  54. ↑ Laurenson, John (11 March 2006). "The most powerful man in Morocco". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  55. ↑ Staff writers (24 July 1999). "Mohammed VI takes Moroccan throne". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  56. ↑ Government of the Netherlands. "Zijne Majesteit Koning Willem-Alexander" [His Majesty King Willem-Alexander]. The Dutch Royal House (in Dutch). Government Information Service. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Government of Norway. "His Majesty King Harald". Official website of the Royal House of Norway. Royal Court of Norway. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  58. ↑ Nyrop, Richard F (2008). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Wildside Press LLC. p. 341. ISBN 978-1-4344-6210-7.
  59. ↑ Thafer, Dania (14 October 2021). "Qatar's first elected parliament may have more power than other Persian Gulf legislatures. Here's why". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
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  62. ↑ The Royal Household of His Majesty the King. "His Majesty the King Juan Carlos". The Royal Household of His Majesty the King. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  63. ↑ Cahn, Lauren (2022-07-08). "The Stunning Transformation Of Princess Leonor, The Future Queen Of Spain". TheList.com. Retrieved 2022-08-02.
  64. ↑ Government of Sweden. "H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf". Sveriges Kungahus (in Swedish). Information and Press Department. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
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  66. ↑ "The Illustrious Chakri Family". Mahidol University. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
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  78. ↑ "Von der Reformation..."
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  81. ↑ The Royal House of Georgia.
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  88. ↑ Pharo, Lars Kirkhusmo (2013). The Ritual Practice of Time: Philosophy and Sociopolitics of Mesoamerican Calendars. Brill. p. 92. ISBN 9789004252363.
  89. ↑ "K'inich Janaab' Pakal I (Great-Sun-Shield), King of Palenque, depicted on an incense burner". museums.gov.il. Archived from the original on 2022-12-31. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
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