Letharia

Letharia

Letharia
Letharia vulpina in the San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles USA.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Letharia
(Th.Fr.) Zahlbr. (1892)
Type species
Letharia vulpina
(L.) Hue (1899)
Synonyms[1]
  • Chlorea Nyl. (1855)
  • Evernia subdiv. Letharia Th.Fr. (1871)
  • Nylanderaria Kuntze (1891)
  • Rhytidocaulon Nyl. ex Elenkin (1916)

Letharia is a group of fruticose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.[2] Scientists used to think there were only two species, but then they looked at their DNA and found many different species. Western North America has the most different kinds. These lichens grow on wood when the sun hits it and on the outsides of pine trees. These lichens live in dry places. They get water from dew or fog.

Taxonomy

Scientists used to think there were only two species in Letharia: L. vulpina and L. columbiana. In 2016, scientists studied many parts of the DNA: three fungal and two algal markers from 302 thalli. They found there had to be at least six different groups. Altermann and colleages gave the lichens new names: They used a lichen from the Walla Walla River valley (Oregon) as an epitype, because the 1833 museum sample was too old and damaged to use. They found three more groups—L. gracilis, L. barbata, and L. rugosa—and named them as species. Because lichens are fungi and algae living together, scientists talk about them in pairs.[3]

Letharia vulpina is colored green in this picture, and the acid in the pine plants is colored pink.

Home

Letharia lupina grows in many different places, both close to sea level and high in the mountains. Scientists found it in valley woodlands at about 190 m to places that are too high for trees to grow near 3370 m. People see it most on wood from pine trees that the sun has dried out, for example timber—old fence posts, fallen trunks, and branches of Pinus. People also see it on wood from trees with wide leavess such as Arbutus, Populus, and Salix, or even granite rock.[3]

L. vulpina lives in drier places closer to sea level.[3]

Outside western North America, these lichens also grow in continental Europe, northern Africa, Cyprus, and the Caucasus, although it is much less common than in North America and has been reported as declining in northern Europe.[4]

Species

References

  1. ↑ "Synonymy: Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr., Hedwigia 31: 36 (1892)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  2. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Altermann, Susanne; Leavitt, Steven D.; Goward, Trevor (2016). "Tidying up the genus Letharia: introducing L. lupina sp. nov. and a new circumscription for L. columbiana". The Lichenologist. 48 (5): 423–439. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000396.
  4. ↑ Altermann, Susanne; Leavitt, Steven D.; Goward, Trevor; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2014). "How do you solve a problem like Letharia? A new look at cryptic species in lichen-forming fungi Using Bayesian clustering and SNPs from multilocus sequence data". PLoS ONE. 9 (5) e97556. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097556. PMC 4022584. PMID 24831224.
  5. ↑ Thomson, John W. (1969). "Letharia californica is Letharia columbiana (Lichenes)". Taxon. 18 (5): 535–537. doi:10.2307/1218380. JSTOR 1218380.
  6. ↑ Bouly de Lesdain, M. (1935). "Notes lichénologiques. XXVIII". Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France (in French). 82: 314–317. doi:10.1080/00378941.1935.10832983.

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