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Cladistics is the method of classifying organisms into groups called clades. A clade (Greek = branch) is a group of organisms with a common ancestor and...
Click to read more »on the differences between cladistic and taxonomic classification systems: Grant, Verne 2003. Incongruence between cladistic and taxonomic systems. American...
Click to read more »Sarcopterygii which includes the lungfish (Dipnoi) and the tetrapodomorphs. As cladistic understanding of the vertebrates has improved over the last few decades...
Click to read more », V. A. Albert, and B. Bremer. 1994. Cladistics and family level classification of the Gentianales. Cladistics 10: 175–205. Backlund, Maria, Bengt Oxelman...
Click to read more »(2002). "Cladistic analysis of a problematic ammonite group: the Hamitidae (Cretaceous, Albian-Turonian) and proposals for new cladistic terms". Palaeontology...
Click to read more »Polyphyly is a term in cladistics. It describes a group of organisms whose last common ancestor is not a member of the group. Another way of expressing...
Click to read more »R. Crane 1997. The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-730-8...
Click to read more »Torvosaurus, Allosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus and Neovenator. Modern cladistic analysis defines Carnosauria as those tetanurans which share a more recent...
Click to read more »been found of Hylaeosaurus and much of its anatomy is unknown. A recent cladistic analysis sees it as a basal ankylosaurid. Hylaeosaurus was about five...
Click to read more »P.R. (1997). The origin and early diversification of land plants : a cladistic study. Washington & London: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-729-1...
Click to read more »an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree. It is a term in cladistics. The sister group of organism A is B. The sister group of the clade B+A...
Click to read more »suggest it is a true craniate, and perhaps one of the earliest fishes. Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal...
Click to read more »335–349. doi:10.2307/4108533. JSTOR 4108533. Sluiman H. J. (1985). "A cladistic evaluation of the lower and higher green plants (Viridiplantae)". Plant...
Click to read more »remain are just scattered vestiges of their former population. "Abundant cladistic and fossil evidence shows the Archostematans are the basal suborder of...
Click to read more »dinosaurs are even more closely related, because birds evolved from them. Cladistic writers prefer to put the birds (over 10,000 species) with what people...
Click to read more »Riley and S. Stutchbury in 1836, and named by Morris in 1843. Modern cladistic work has not been conclusive. Thecodontosaurus was earlier put under the...
Click to read more »A synapomorphy is a common character. It is a term in cladistics, meaning a trait which is present in two or more species by common descent. It is a type...
Click to read more »therefore classified it as an indeterminate member of the Cerapoda. In 2011, cladistic analysis showed that Micropachycephalosaurus is a basal member of the...
Click to read more »England, Germany, and France. The generic name means "lizard mouth." Cladistic analysis retains Saurostomus as sister to a clade comprising Ohmdenia...
Click to read more »(Sphenodon). They have these diagnostic features, called synapomorphies in cladistics talk: Teeth set in sockets, which makes them less likely to be torn loose...
Click to read more »single ancestor. Biologists have introduced a kind of taxonomy called cladistics. The aim of this is to make biological classification fit what we know...
Click to read more »side. Its arms were too short for it to fly. Gee, Henry2000. Deep time: cladistics, the revolution in evolution. HarperCollins, London. p189 This short article...
Click to read more »unlike the pitted skulls of many other early tetrapods. With modern cladistic taxonomy, Whatcheeriidae is not placed in Amphibia or any other class...
Click to read more »82–86. ISBN 0-86840-156-0. Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (5):...
Click to read more »"Phylogeny of the Metazoa Based on Morphological and 18S Ribosomal DNA Evidence". Cladistics. 14 (3): 249–285. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1998.tb00338.x....
Click to read more »other question to be asked of all early dinobirds is: could they fly? A cladistic analysis by Xu and his team showed that Xiaotingia formed a clade with...
Click to read more »set out in the table below. Binomial nomenclature Taxonomy Systematics Cladistics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Phylogeny Wastebasket taxon Evolutionary...
Click to read more »families of chalcids. Heraty, John M. and others 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29 (5): 466–542. [1]...
Click to read more »theropod dinosaurs. Jacques Gauthier used the term when he first applied cladistics to vertebrate paleontology. The term refers to the stiff tail which was...
Click to read more »it is neutral and non-judgmental. This terminology came into use with cladistics. The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which...
Click to read more »In Linnean nomenclature it is a suborder of the order Hemiptera. In cladistics it is an unranked clade in the Hemiptera clade. Assassin bugs Broad-headed...
Click to read more »Margulis and K.V. Schwartz keeps only Cnidaria and Ctenophora in Radiata. Cladistic classifications do not recognize Radiata as a clade. The radiata, in this...
Click to read more »Dibamidae Laterata Scinciformata Avemetatarsalia dinosauria (dinos) Aves (cladistically) Suchia Crocodilia Testinudines (turtles) This short article about biology...
Click to read more »mammals, the Theria (placentals and marsupials), and monotremes. Some cladistic analyses put them closer to Theria than to monotremes. The multituberculates...
Click to read more »4202/app.00355.2017 Other classifications are possible: O'Keefe F.R. 2001. A cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Plesiosauria (Reptilia: Sauropterygia);...
Click to read more »their ancestors back to the most recent common ancestor. It is a term in cladistics and phylogenetics. It is a clade with at least some members that have...
Click to read more »ISBN 0-8047-2013-4 Ackery P.R. & Vane-Wright R.I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies, their cladistics and biology, being an account of the natural history of the Danainae,...
Click to read more »Peter R. (1997). The origin and early diversification of land plants: a cladistic study. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 339–340. ISBN 1-56098-730-8...
Click to read more »relationships of the charismatic poster frogs, Phyllomedusinae (Anura, Hylidae)". Cladistics. 26 (3): 227–261. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00287.x. ISSN 1096-0031...
Click to read more »nautiloids in that broad sense, sometimes called Nautiloidea sensu lato. Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group united by shared primitive...
Click to read more »had the most complete dentition known for any oviraptorosaur. Their cladistic analysis indicated that Incisivosaurus lies at the base of the oviraptorosaurs...
Click to read more »recently (2008). The Metriacanthosauridae is a monophyletic group. Cladistically it includes Metriacanthosaurus parkeri and species closer related to...
Click to read more »to birds. Natural History Museum, London. Gee, Henry 2000. Deep time: cladistics, the revolution in evolution. Fourth Estate, London. Chapter 6 "The being...
Click to read more »Synapsida Mammal-like reptiles Class Mammalia Mammals Tetrapodomorpha: a cladistic account of the group Clack, Jennifer 2012. Gaining ground: the origin...
Click to read more »were more theropod-like than prosauropod-like. However, all more recent cladistic analyses found it to be a very basal sauropodomorph, Langer M.C; Abdala...
Click to read more »Zhiming 1992. The skull of the basal stegosaur Huayangosaurus taibaii and a cladistic diagnosis of Stegosauria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 51: 318-343...
Click to read more »Peter R. (1997). The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-730-8...
Click to read more »may even be basal to both ornithopods and marginocephalians. In 2007, a cladistic analysis suggested that heterodontosaurs are basal to all known ornithischians...
Click to read more »it is a convenient catch-all term, which does not follow the rules of cladistics. For example, most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group (ancestral...
Click to read more »Hylidae, Hylinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences". Cladistics (Full text). 23 (5): 455–463. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2007.00154.x. S2CID 83522453...
Click to read more »Cretaceous of Australia, about 119 to 113 million years ago. A recent cladistic analysis suggests that Minmi is the most basal known ankylosaur. That...
Click to read more »Grine, F.; Fleagle, J. G. (2015). "Analyzing Hominin Hominin Phylogeny: Cladistic Approach" (PDF). In Henke, W.; Tattersall, I. (eds.). Handbook of Paleoanthropology...
Click to read more »tiny bones, the ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes. In the language of cladistics, the 50 unique characters are apomorphies which prove that mammals are...
Click to read more »early humans and apes than modern humans. In 2009, the publication of a cladistic analysis, and a study comparing body sizes, gave further support for the...
Click to read more »Wikispecies has information on: Heliantheae. Bremer, Kåre. (1994). Asteraceae: Cladistics & Classification. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-275-7. Cassini...
Click to read more »1371/journal.pone.0001858. PMC 2267999. PMID 18365013. 'Basal': term in cladistics meaning closest to the origin of the clade, or most 'primitive'. Schiewe...
Click to read more »Protura, Diplura, and Thysanura). With the advent of a more rigorous cladistic methodology, the subclass turned out to be paraphyletic. The first three...
Click to read more »including the unenlagiines, closer to Avialae than to dromaeosaurines. A cladistic analysis recovered Rahonavis as a probable relative of Jeholornis and...
Click to read more »Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 88(4):438-445 Jacobson NL, Weller SJ (2002) A cladistic study of the Arctiidae (Lepidoptera) by using characters of immatures...
Click to read more »3882.1.1. PMID 25543675. Murdy E.O. (1989). "A Taxonomic Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Oxudercine Gobies (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae)". Records of...
Click to read more »Drosophilidae). Systematic Entomology 26(1): 15-31. Hu Y.-G. & M.J. Toda 2002. Cladistic analysis of the genus Dichaetophora Duda (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and...
Click to read more »(Anura: Alsodidae), with comments on the supposed paraphyly of Eupsophus". Cladistics (Full text). doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00417.x. Retrieved May 13, 2025...
Click to read more »2006. The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins). Cladistics. 22 (#5): 412–441. Zaher, Mostafa 2012. Anatomical, histological and histochemical...
Click to read more »Synapsids cannot be a clade unless the mammals are included. Nautiloids. Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group with shared primitive...
Click to read more »likelihood‐based phylogenetic analyses in the presence of missing data. Cladistics 28(2): 208-222. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00375.x) Dunn, K.A., McEachran...
Click to read more »Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview...
Click to read more »(Anura: Alsodidae), with comments on the supposed paraphyly of Eupsophus". Cladistics. 29 (2): 113–131. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00417.x. hdl:11336/5605...
Click to read more »Linnaeus, 1758 †Palaeoloxodon 1925 Distribution of living elephant species Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa †Mammuthus Brookes, 1828 †Primelephas...
Click to read more »Odontoceti Groups included Delphinidae Inioidea †Lipotoidea Platanistoidea Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Monodontidae Phocoenidae Physeteroidea...
Click to read more »Simiiformes Groups included Platyrrhini Cercopithecidae †Parapithecidae Range of monkeys Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Hominoidea...
Click to read more »Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas". Cladistics. 24 (5): 677–707. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x. Whiting, Michael...
Click to read more »Copepoda Ostracoda Myodocopa Podocopa Malacostraca Phyllocarida Hoplocarida Eumalacostraca Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Hexapods...
Click to read more »Physeteroidea (sperm whales) Superfamily Ziphioidea (beaked whales) Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Family Delphinidae (dolphins...
Click to read more »(link) Monti, Daniela S.; Confalonieri, Viviana A. (July 2019). "First cladistic analysis of the trilobite family Olenidae from the Furongian and Ordovician"...
Click to read more »(Anura: Alsodidae), with comments on the supposed paraphyly of Eupsophus". Cladistics. 29 (2): 113–131. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00417.x. hdl:11336/5605...
Click to read more »genus Telmatobius (Anura, Telmatobiidae) based on phenotypic characters". Cladistics. 33.1: 41–68. Aguilar; César; Niels Valencia (2009). "Relaciones filogenéticas...
Click to read more »supplement, Macmillan, London ISBN 1-4326-4011-9 Gee, Henry 2000. Deep time: cladistics, the revolution in evolution. Fourth Estate, London. Chapter 6 "The being...
Click to read more »jellyfish Staurozoa—stalked jellyfish some Hydrozoa—small jellyfish Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa some Hydrozoa, such as Hydra...
Click to read more »that the ancestral dromaeosaurid could not glide or fly. Based on this cladistic analysis, Mahakala suggests that the ancestral condition for dromaeosaurids...
Click to read more »Toxicofera (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living...
Click to read more »phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29 (5): 466–542. [1] Piper, Ross 2007. Extraordinary animals: an encyclopedia...
Click to read more »Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview...
Click to read more »Paraphyly is a taxonomic term, having to do with clades. It means a group which does not include all its descendents. Sauropsida without birds is paraphyletic...
Click to read more »Hylidae, Hylinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Cladistics. 23:455-463. Frost, Darrel R. (2013). "Pseudis Wagler, 1830". Amphibian...
Click to read more »included Conepatus Mephitis Spilogale †Brachyprotoma Skunk genera ranges Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Mydaus †Palaeomephitis †Promephitis...
Click to read more »Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview...
Click to read more »A homologous trait is any characteristic which is derived by evolution from a common ancestor. This is contrasted to analogous traits: similarities between...
Click to read more »Clethrionomyini Phenacomyini – tree and heather voles Pliomyini Prometheomyini Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Dicrostonychini - collared...
Click to read more »Hystricidae (Old World porcupines) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa †Bathyergoididae Bathyergidae...
Click to read more »Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview...
Click to read more »November 2011. Bergsten, J. (2005). "A review of long-branch attraction". Cladistics. 21 (2): 163–193. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00059.x. Brandt, J. F....
Click to read more »Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview...
Click to read more »collared lemmings Lagurini 18-24 – steppe lemmings Lemmini – true lemmings Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Arvicolini Ellobiusini – mole...
Click to read more »phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result". Cladistics. 8 (4): 295–318. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x. hdl:2027.42/73088...
Click to read more »German naturalist Willi Hennig (1913–1976) German biologist, founder of cladistics John Stevens Henslow (1796–1861), English mineralogist, botanist and clergyman...
Click to read more »Gray, 1866 (pygmy marmosets) Mico Lesson, 1840 (Amazonian marmosets) Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Leontopithecus Lesson, 1840...
Click to read more »Chinchillidae Groups included Lagidium Meyen, 1833 Lagostomus Brookes, 1828 Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa †Eoviscaccia Chinchilla Bennett...
Click to read more »(unranked): Prosimii Illiger, 1811(defunct) Groups included Strepsirrhini Tarsiiformes Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Simiiformes...
Click to read more »classification Groups included Rhinovirus A Rhinovirus B Rhinovirus C Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Enterovirus A Enterovirus B...
Click to read more »Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview...
Click to read more »An apomorphy in biology is a derived state, or innovation. For example, amongst mammals, babies can digest their mothers' milk. That is something all mammals...
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