Beetle

Beetles
Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Subclass:	Pterygota
Infraclass:	Neoptera
Superorder:	Endopterygota
Order:	Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
Adephaga Archostemata Myxophaga Polyphaga † Protocoleoptera

Beetles, the order Coleoptera, are the largest group of insects. There are 350,000 different species of beetles which have been named: about 40% of all known insects.^[1] There are an estimated 800,000 to a million living species.^[2] Beetles live almost everywhere, though not in the ocean or in places that are very cold, such as Antarctica.^[3]

Beetles went through a massive adaptive radiation early in their evolutionary history. The evolution of flowering plants helped drive the diversification of beetles.^[4] Four of the six biggest families of beetles mainly eat flowering plants.

Beetle bodies

Parts of a beetle

In common with other insects, there are three main parts to a beetle's body: the head, the thorax (the middle part), and the abdomen (the back part). On the head, beetles have antennae (feelers), eyes, and a mouth. The legs and wings of the beetle are attached to the thorax. The abdomen of a beetle does not usually have special parts on the outside, but it has the beetle’s gut inside. Like other insects, beetles have no internal bones, but instead have a hard and shiny exoskeleton on the outside of the body. The exoskeleton is made of hard plates of chitin.

Wings

The back wings of a beetle are see-through. This beetle uses its back wings to fly. The hard front wings are lifted up.

The hard front wings of the beetle hide the back wings.

Beetles differ from other flying insects because their front wings have evolved into hard covers, or elytra.^[5] The back wings are used for flying. They are thin and are kept under the elytra when at rest. Beetles lift their elytra out of the way in order to fly. A few species of true bugs have a similar arrangement.

Not all beetles can fly. Some beetles do not have back wings, and some cannot lift their front wings out of the way. A few beetles have no wings at all. Some beetles with no wings look like larvae, and are called "larviform". An example is the family Phengodidae, glow-worms where the females are larviform throughout their lives.

Legs

The legs of beetles help them to walk, run, swim, and dig. All beetles have six legs that is made out of several parts. Each leg ends in two to five small segments called tarsi. The last tarsus (the singular of tarsi) of each beetle “foot” has one or two claws on the end of it. Most beetles use their legs to walk or run. Some beetle legs are flat and have long hairs on them. These kinds of legs are found on water beetles. Beetles that often dig in soil have flat legs with spines or horns at the edges. Flat legs with horns are called fossorial legs. A few beetles have large hind legs, similar to those of grasshoppers, which help the beetle to jump. Flea beetles are an example of jumping beetle.

Sight and smell

Beetle burrowing in the disc of a flower while feeding. South Africa

Beetles have compound eyes, which means the two big shiny eyes on the head are actually made out of many smaller parts. Sometimes the two eyes are each divided in half so that it looks like there are four eyes. One beetle family, the whirligig beetles, has divided eyes so that when they are swimming they can see on top of the water and under the water at the same time. A few beetles have extra simple eyes (usually two) called ocelli. The ocelli are on the top of the beetle’s head.

Beetles use their antennae to smell things. Beetles also use their antennae to feel things around them. Beetle antennae do not all look the same. Some antennae are long and thin, while others are short and wide. Thin antennae are called filiform antennae, and antennae that are wide on the end are called clavate antennae.

The mouth

The mouth of a beetle is very different from the mouth of a person. Most beetles have two hard mandibles at the front of their mouth which are a bit like teeth. Mandibles help the beetle eat by crushing and cutting food. In some beetles, the mandibles look like big pincers. Beetles also have four “fingers” around their mouth that push food into the mouth of the beetle. These fingers are called palpi.

Other

Beetles do not breathe; instead they have holes called spiracles in the sides of their bodies which lead to trachea, which act like lungs. Beetles do not have blood, but they have something like blood, called haemolymph. It is a green colour. That's because their haemoglobin molecule has a copper atom at its centre, whereas ours has an iron atom there.

How beetles grow

An example of a scarabaeiform larva

Beetles start out as eggs that a female beetle lays. Some beetles can lay thousands of eggs during their lives. A larva comes out when an egg hatches. Most beetle larvae do not look like adult beetles. A beetle larva eats and grows larger until it changes and becomes a pupa. When the pupa opens, an adult beetle, sometimes called an imago, comes out. This way of growing up is called complete metamorphosis.

Beetles eat the most when they are larvae. Some beetle larvae eat the outside of plants; some eat inside plants. Some beetle larvae are predators, which means they hunt for other insects to eat. Other beetle larvae eat dead things, such as dead plants and corpses.

Not all beetle larvae look the same. Some beetle larvae are flat and move very fast. Some beetle larvae look similar to worms with tiny legs. Click beetle larvae have a special name: wireworms. Other beetle larvae are short and very thick and are called grubs. In a few beetles, the larvae change their shape after some time. Blister beetle larvae start out moving fast, such as campodeiform larvae, but end up slow and thick.

What beetles do

Food

Beetles eat many different things including living plants, rotting plants, animals that may be dead or alive, and animal faeces. Some beetles can eat both plants and animals, while others eat just one type of food. Beetles that can only eat one kind of thing are said to be host specific. Many leaf beetles and longhorn beetles are host specific.

Protection

Beetles are tough animals for their size. They are mechanically tough (the elytra), and have a variety of strategies to avoid being attacked by predators or parasitoids. These include camouflage, mimicry, toxicity, and active defence.

Some beetles live in places that are hard for predators to find. Some beetles, such as longhorn beetles, live in tunnels inside tree branches. Only special predators that are small enough to use the long-horned beetle tunnels can eat the longhorn beetles.

Other beetles do not live in special places but they have colours or shapes that make them hard to find. When beetles have colours so that predators cannot see them, this is called camouflage. Some leaf beetles are green so that they can not be seen when they are on green leaves. Some beetles have very complex colours so that they look like bird droppings.

Sometimes beetles use colour to warn predators (warning colouration). Some beetles have black and yellow stripes so that they look similar to bees and wasps. Some beetles even behave similar to bees to confuse predators.

Beetles have a wide range of chemical defences, mostly got from plants their larvae eat. These chemicals make them taste bad when predators eat them. Blister beetles are so poisonous that if a horse eats only a few of them, the horse may die. Bombardier beetles squirt hot poisonous liquid at attackers. Lady beetles put out a cyanide compound when agitated. Lady beetles also have colours that warn predators that they taste bad. Insects which taste foul use warning colours which birds learn to avoid. Also, other species which are tasty copy those warning colours. This is a type of mimicry, and is quite common in insects.

Very large beetles sometimes fight predators. Beetles that fight will often use their mandibles to injure their predators.

Reproduction

Beetles have sexual reproduction, and almost all go through complete metamorphosis. Some beetles have complex behavior to get a mate. Pheromones are used, and different species use different pheromones. Before reproduction, some male beetles sometimes fight to claim a female. This especially happens with stag beetles: males will fight using their long mandibles. More often, male and female beetle go through a long routine before mating. The details differ in each species – and that is the point. It is essential that mating takes place between beetles of the same species.^[6]

Some beetles give special care to their eggs or larvae. Some scarab beetles, called dung beetles, roll balls of dung (faeces) and put them in a hole in the ground. The female lays her eggs in the dung. When the eggs hatch, the larvae will eat the dung that their mother supplied for them.

Beetle evolution

In 2009, a fossil beetle was found in the Pennsylvanian of Mazon Creek, Illinois. This put the origin of the beetles back to 318 to 299 mya.^[7] Fossils from this time have been found in Asia and Europe, for instance in the red slate fossil beds of Niedermoschel near Mainz, Germany.^[8] Other fossils have been found in Obora, Czech Republic and Tshekarda in the Ural Mountains, Russia.^[9] The first discoveries from North America in Oklahoma were published in 2005 and 2008.^[10][11]

After the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the fossil record of insects is poor, but there are some beetles from the Lower Triassic.^[12] At the Babiy Kamen site in the Kuznetsk Basin, there are many beetle fossils, including entire specimens of the infraorders Archostemata (e.g. Ademosynidae, Schizocoleidae), Adephaga (e.g., Triaplidae, Trachypachidae) and Polyphaga (e.g. Hydrophilidae, Byrrhidae, Elateroidea).^[13]

During the Jurassic (210 to 145 mya), there was a dramatic increase in the number of beetle families,^[10] including the development and growth of carnivorous and herbivorous species. Dung beetles, and herbivorous beetles living on conifers, were common in the Jurassic period. The evolution of flowering plants in the Cretaceous led to the vast numbers of beetle species there are today.

Kinds of beetles

Suborders

Coleoptera at the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe, Germany

There are four living suborders of beetles:

• Adephaga: 40,000 recorded species in 10 families. This is a suborder of specialized beetles, the second largest suborder. Members include ground beetles, tiger beetles, predacious diving beetles, and whirligig beetles. The majority of the species belong to the family of carabids, or ground beetles (Carabidae).
• Archostemata is the smallest suborder of beetles, consisting of fewer than fifty known species in five families. Archostemata is an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics. They are similar in morphology to the first beetles, which appear in the fossil record about 250 million years ago.
• Myxophaga is the second smallest suborder of Coleoptera with 65 species of small to minute beetles in four families. The members of this suborder are aquatic and semi-aquatic and feed on algae.
• Polyphaga is the largest and most diverse suborder of beetles. The name means “eaters of many things”. Polyphaga have 144 families in 16 superfamilies. They have an enormous variety of specialization and adaptation, with over 300,000 described species, or about 90% of the beetle species so far discovered and named. There are five infraorders:
  • Bostrichiformia — including furniture beetles and skin beetles.
  • Cucujiformia — includes lady beetles and longhorn beetles, weevils, checkered beetles and leaf beetles.
  • Elateriformia — includes click beetles and fireflies
  • Scarabaeiformia — includes scarab beetles and stag beetles.
  • Staphyliniformia — includes rove beetles and water scavenger beetles.

Common families

Rove beetles have short front wings (the red parts in this beetle's back) that do not cover their abdomen.

Different kinds of beetles can be divided into groups called families. There are many beetle families. The biggest families are listed here.

• Ground beetles (family Carabidae) are often black and can be found under rocks. They eat other insects.
• Leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) usually eat on the outside of plants.
• Longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) have very long antennae. Most longhorn beetle larvae eat on the inside of plants.
• Weevils (family Curculionidae) have long faces that look like the trunk of an elephant. Weevils eat plants.
• Scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae) have antennae that are wide on the end. Dung beetles are a group in this family. Other scarabs are very colourful and eat plants.
• Rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) have short front wings that do not cover their abdomen. Rove beetles eat other insects.

Popular names

Popular names are often misleading; that is why biologists use scientific names in Latin. People call some beetles by other names. Fireflies (also called lightning bugs) are actually beetles; so are ladybirds/ladybugs/lady beetles.

Largest and smallest

• Nanosella fungi: smallest at 0.35 mm.
• Titanus giganteus: largest at 12 to 20 cm in length.^[14]

Beetles and people

Some beetles cause trouble for farmers and people in forests because they eat crops or trees. These beetles are called pests. One beetle that hurts crops is the Colorado beetle; another is the Maize weevil. One that destroys trees is the Emerald ash borer.

Other beetles help people; lady beetles (also called ladybirds and ladybugs) eat insects that hurt crops and trees.

People who study beetles are called coleopterists.

Further reading

• Evans, Arthur V; Charles Bellamy & Lisa Charles Watson An inordinate fondness for beetles ISBN 0-520-22323-3
• Entomological Society of America. Beetle larvae of the world. ISBN 0-643-05506-1
• Harde K.W. A field guide in colour to beetles. ISBN 0-7064-1937-5 Pages 7–24
• Pakaluk J. & Slipinski S.A. eds 1995. Biology, phylogeny, and classification of Coleoptera: papers celebrating the 80th birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa.
• Ross H. Arnett Jr. and Michael C. Thomas. 2001/2. American beetles. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1925-0
• White R.E. 1983. Beetles. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY. ISBN 0-395-91089-7

References

1. Hammond P.M. 1992. Species inventory. pp. 17–39 in Global biodiversity, status of the Earth’s living resources. Groombridge B. (ed) Chapman and Hall, London.
2. Arthur D. Chapman (2009). Numbers of living species in Australia and the world (PDF) (2nd ed.). Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. ISBN 978-0-642-56861-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
3. Gullan P.J. & P.S. Cranston (2010). The Insects: an outline of entomology (4 ed.). Oxford: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-444-33036-6.
4. Grimaldi, David & Michael S. Engel 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82149-5
5. Kukalová-Peck, J. & Lawrence J.F. (1993). "Evolution of the hind wing in Coleoptera". Canadian Entomologist. 125 (2): 181–258. doi:10.4039/Ent125181-2. S2CID 52888506.
6. McHugh, Joseph V. & Liebherr, James K. 2009. Coleoptera. In Vincent H. Resh & Ring T. Cardé (eds). Encyclopedia of Insects, 2nd ed. Academic Press, p 183–201. ISBN 978-0-12-374144-8
7. Béthoux, Oliver (2009). "The earliest beetle identified". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 931–937. doi:10.1666/08-158.1. S2CID 85796546.
8. Hörnschemeyer, T.; Stapf H. "Die Insektentaphozönose von Niedermoschel (Asselian, unt. Perm; Deutschland)". Schriften der Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung (in German) (99/8): 98.
9. Kukalová J. (1969). "On the systematic position of the supposed Permian beetles, Tshecardocoleidae, with a description of a new collection from Moravia". Sborník Geologických Věd, Paleontologie. 11: 139–161.
10. Benisch, Christoph (2010). "Phylogeny of the beetles". The beetle fauna of Germany. Kerbtier. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
11. Beckemeyer, R.J.; Engel M.S. (2008). "A second specimen of Permocoleus (Coleoptera) from the Lower Permian Wellington Formation of Noble County, Oklahoma" (PDF). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 81 (1): 4–7. doi:10.2317/JKES-708.01.1. S2CID 86835593. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011.
12. Shcherbakov D.E. (2008). "On Permian and Triassic insect faunas in relation to biogeography and the Permian-Triassic crisis". Paleontological Journal. 42 (1): 15–31. doi:10.1007/s11492-008-1003-1. S2CID 128919393.
13. Ponomarenko, A.G. (2004). "Beetles (Insecta, Coleoptera) of the Late Permian and Early Triassic" (PDF). Paleontological Journal. 38 (Suppl. 2): S185–S196. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2013.
14. Evans, Arthur V. & Bellamy, Charles 2000. An inordinate fondness for beetles. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22323-3