Bedford level experiment

The Old Bedford River, photographed from the bridge at Welney, Norfolk (2008); the camera is looking downstream, south-west of the bridge

The Bedford level experiment is the name for a series of observations, done on the Old Bedford River, in Cambridgeshiire. These observations were done to measure the curvature of the Earth. Samuel Rowbotham made the first observations, in 1839. He claimed that with these observations he could prove that the earth was flat. In 1870, Alfred Russel Wallace used the same observations but made small changes, to correct for some errors. Using these observations, he could prove that the Earth was a sphere.[1]

The Bedford level

This river was chosen, because from a certain point it runs in a straight line, for 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). This point is near the village of Welney.

This makes it an ideal location to directly measure the curvature of the Earth, as Rowbotham wrote in Zetetic Astronomy:[2]

If the earth is a globe, and is 25,000 English statute miles in circumference, the surface of all standing water must have a certain degree of convexity—every part must be an arc of a circle. From the summit of any such arc there will exist a curvature or declination of 8 inches in the first statute mile. In the second mile the fall will be 32 inches; in the third mile, 72 inches, or 6 feet, as shown in the following diagram:

Earth's rate of curvature as shown in Zetetic Astronomy. Vertical exaggeration 1000×.

...[A]fter the first few miles the curvature would be so great that no difficulty could exist in detecting either its actual existence or its proportion... In the county of Cambridge there is an artificial river or canal, called the "Old Bedford". It is upwards of twenty miles in length, and ... passes in a straight line through that part of the Fens called the "Bedford Level". The water is nearly stationary—often completely so, and throughout its entire length has no interruption from locks or water-gates of any kind; so that it is, in every respect, well adapted for ascertaining whether any or what amount of convexity really exists.

Experiments

Diagram of Rowbotham's experiment on the Bedford Level, taken from his book "Earth not a globe"

Rowbotham did the first experiments at the site in the summer of 1838. He went into the river and used a telescope held 8 inches (20 cm) above the water to watch a boat. The boat had a flag on its mast 3 feet (0.9 m) above the water. It slowly rowed away from him.[3] He reported that he could see it all the time, for the full 6 miles (10 km) to Welney Bridge. He also said, that if the earth was curved, the top of the mast should have been about 11 feet (3.4 m) below his line of sight. He published this observation using the pseudonym Parallax in 1849. He wrote a book about these ideas, and called it Earth Not a Globe; the book was published in 1865.[4]

The view through Wallace's level as reproduced in his autobiography

Rowbotham repeated his experiments several times over the years, but his claims got little attention. In 1870, a supporter named John Hampden offered some money, to anyone that could show that the earth was flat, using Rowbotham's experiment. Alfred Russel Wallace, a naturalist, and qualified surveyor accepted the wager. Wallace was a surveyor. So with what he knew from his training, and his knowledge of physics, he avoided the errors that had been made before, and won the bet.[5][6] The crucial steps were:[7]

  1. To set a sight line 13 feet (4.0 m) above the water. This also reduced the effects of atmospheric refraction.
  2. To add a pole in the middle of the length of canal that could be used to see the "bump" caused by the curvature of the Earth between the two end points.

At first, Hampden did not accept this demonstration.The referee, John Henry Walsh, editor of The Field sports magazine, did, and Wallace got the money. Hampden then published a pamhlet and said that Wallace had cheated. He also sued Wallace, to get his money back. There were several court cases. In the end, Hampden was imprisoned for threatening to kill Wallace[8] and for libel.[9][10][11]

The same court ruled that the wager had been invalid because Hampden retracted the bet and required that Wallace return the money to Hampden. Wallace, who had been unaware of Rowbotham's earlier experiments, was criticized by his peers for "his 'injudicious' involvement in a bet to 'decide' the most fundamental and established of scientific facts".[7]

In 1901, Henry Yule Oldham, a reader in geography at King's College, Cambridge, reproduced Wallace's results. He used three poles fixed at equal height above water level. When viewed through a theodolite, the middle pole was found to be about 6 feet (1.8 m) higher than the poles at each end.[12][13] This version of the experiment was taught in schools in England until photographs of the Earth from space became available; it still remains in the syllabus for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education for 2023.[14][15][16][17]

Picture of the Bedford Level: "Carried out in misty and very unsatisfactory weather, on May 11th, 1904, before Lady Blount and several scientific gentlemen".[18]

Advocates of a flat Earth, however, were not deterred. On 11 May 1904 Lady Elizabeth Anne Blount hired a commercial photographer to use a telephoto-lens camera to take a picture from Welney of a large white sheet she had placed at Rowbotham's original position 6 miles (10 km) away. The bottom of the sheet was near the surface of the river. Blount had a lot of influence. She later was involved in the foundation of the Flat Earth Society. The photographer, Edgar Clifton from Dallmeyer's studio, put his camera 2 feet (0.6 m) above the water at Welney and was surprised to be able to obtain a picture of the target,. He thought, it should have been invisible because of the low mounting point of the camera. Lady Blount published the pictures far and wide.[19]

These controversies became a regular feature in the English Mechanic magazine in 1904–05. It published Blount's photo and reported two experiments in 1905 that showed the opposite results. One of these, by Clement Stratton on the Ashby Canal, showed a dip on a sight-line only above the surface.[20]

References

  1. ↑ Garwood, Christine (2007). Flat Earth. Macmillan. pp. 104–125. ISBN 978-0-312-38208-7.
  2. ↑ 'Parallax' (pseud. Samuel Birley Rowbotham) (1881), "Chapter II: Experiments Demonstrating the True Form of Standing Water, and Proving the Earth to be a Plane", Zetetic Astronomy – via sacred-texts.com.
  3. ↑ Rowbotham, Samuel (1863). Zetetic Astronomy. p. 11.
  4. ↑ Rowbotham, Samuel Birley (writing as "Parallax") (1881). Earth Not a Globe. London: Simpkin, Marshall. ISBN 0-7661-4945-5.
  5. ↑ "The Rotundity of the Earth". Nature. 1 (23): 581. 7 April 1870. Bibcode:1870Natur...1..581.. doi:10.1038/001581a0.
  6. ↑ "The Form of the Earth: A Shock of Opinions" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 August 1871. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Garwood, Christine (2007). Flat Earth. Macmillan. pp. 104–125. ISBN 978-0-312-38208-7.
  8. ↑ Wallace, Alfred Russel (1908). My Life. Cosimo. pp. 368–369. ISBN 9781602064195.
  9. ↑ Hampden, John (1870). The Bedford Canal Swindle Detected & Exposed. London: A. Bull.
  10. ↑ Correspondent (8 March 1875). "Spring Assizes". The Times. London. p. 11. John Hampden was then charged with a libel on Mr A. Russell Wallace. […T]he jury found the defendant Guilty. He was, therefore, sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment […] and [to] keep the peace for two years after termination of his imprisonment. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  11. ↑ Michell, John (1984). Eccentric Lives and Peculiar Notions. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 26. ISBN 0-500-01331-4. […] even sentences of up to a year in prison failed to divert him from his course.
  12. ↑ Correspondent (25 September 1901). "The British Association". The Times. No. 36569. London. p. 12. Mr Yule Oldham on his re-measurement of the curvature of the Earth along the Bedford Level. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  13. ↑ Oldham, H. Yule (1901). "The experimental demonstration of the curvature of the Earth's surface". Annual Report. London: British Association for the Advancement of Science: 725–726.
  14. ↑ Craddy, Owen (1967). Topics in mathematics for the secondary school. London: Batsford. p. 43. OCLC 1167621717.
  15. ↑ "The Association for Science Education". School Science Review. 24. London: John Murray: 120. 1942. ISSN 0036-6811.
  16. ↑ Richards-Jones, P. (1968). "Astronomy at O level". Physics Education. 3 (1): 35–39. Bibcode:1968PhyEd...3...35R. doi:10.1088/0031-9120/3/1/310. ISSN 0031-9120. S2CID 250819096.
  17. ↑ "Explain with the aid of a diagram the Bedford Level Experiment". Oswaal ICSE Question Bank Class 9 Geography Book (For 2023 Exam) (3 ed.). Agra, India: Oswaal Books and Learning. 2022. p. 5. ISBN 9789355954206.
  18. ↑ E. A. M. Blount, ed. (1904). "Bedford Level Experiment" (PDF). The Earth: A Monthly Magazine of Sense and Science. 5 (49 & 50): 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2017.
  19. ↑ Michell, p.27
  20. ↑ Clement Stratton (20 January 1905). "The English Mechanic and World of Science". The English Mechanic and World of Science.

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