Assyrian people

Assyrians celebrating Assyrian New Year (Akitu) in Nohadra (Duhok), Iraq

Assyrians, also known as Syriacs, Arameans, are a Christian ethnic group whose origins remain in what is today northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, southeastern Turkey, and more recently northeastern Syria. They claim descent from ancient Assyria, a civilization that once existed in northern Mesopotamia from 2600 BC.

History

The Assyrians became Christian in the Roman Empire 1st to the 3rd centuries in Syria and Assyria. Along with the Arameans, Armenians, Greeks, and Nabataeans, they were among the first people to practice Christianity.[1] During the Muslim conquest in the 6th century, Assyrians became second-class citizens, and those who fought back Arabization and conversion to Islam were affected by strong religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination. They also did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims.[2]

Map of Asōristān (226–637 AD)

In the 7th century, Mesopotamia began to see the arrival of Arabs, Kurds and other Iranian peoples, and then Turkic peoples. Assyrians were set apart and then slowly became a minority in their own homeland, bit they remained in large numbers in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century. The city of Assur was still in use by Assyrians until the mid-14th century, when Turco-Mongol ruler Timur, a Muslim, carried a mass murder against Assyrians in the name of Islam. The Assyrian population was then greatly lessened in its homeland.[3]

The Assyrians suffered a number of religiously- and culturally-driven slaughters throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, such as from Kurdish emirs and the Ottomans. The notable event was the Assyrian genocide, which was committed by the Ottomans during the First World War.[4][5]

Most recently, the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies, and the Syrian civil war since 2011 have forced out much of the remaining Assyrian community from its homeland because of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of Islamic terrorists.[6]

Culture

Language

Assyrians speak modern languages of Aramaic, but many also speak Arabic and Farsi depending on what country they came from. Those in the diaspora speak the national language of that country, which is typically English, German, Swedish, Dutch, or French. Assyrians remaining in Iraqi Kurdistan may speak or understand Kurdish.[7]

Religion

Assyrian cuisine

Assyrians belong to many Christian denominations, such as the Syriac Orthodox Church, which has over 1 million members around the world, the Chaldean Catholic Church, with about 600,000 members,[8] the Assyrian Church of the East, with an estimated 400,000 members,[9] and the Ancient Church of the East, with some 100,000 members. A few Assyrians have accepted Protestantism. There are some atheist Assyrians, but they still associate with some denomination.[10]

Music

Assyrian music is a mixture of traditional folk music and western modern music genres: pop music, soft rock, and alsoelectronic dance music. Instruments that are traditionally used by Assyrians include the zurna and davula, but they now also include guitars, pianos, violins, and synthesizers (keyboards and electronic drums.

Dance

Assyrians have many traditional dances, which mostly for special occasions like weddings. Assyrian dance is a mix of both native and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of circle dances that are danced in a line that is usually curved, where the dancers vine around the dancehall. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is khigga, which is commonly danced as the bride and the groom are welcomed into the wedding reception.

Food and drink

Assyrian food is similar to that of other Middle Eastern cuisines and is rich in grains, meat, potatoes, cheese, bread, tomatoes, barley, herbs, spices, as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles. Rice is given with every meal with a stew put over it.

Tea is a popular drink.

Identity

Assyrian flag (since 1968)[11]

Historically, the region of Assyria was a melting pot of many peoples that included Sumerians, Urartians, Hurrians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Amorites, Arameans, Jews, and Hittites. Assyrians are likely now a mixture of those ancient groups, which generally mixed with their neighbors.[12]

The Assyrian identity was thennot based on an ethnic background. In fact, Assyrians did not become an ethnic group until they became Christian in the 1st century AD. It is only then that they became more closer to one other because of their religion.[13]

Today, some Assyrians call themselves Aramean, Syriac or Chaldean for religious, geographic and tribal reasons.[14][15] Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East feel pressure to call themselves "Arabs,"[16][17] "Turks," or "Kurds."[18]

Homeland

The Assyrian homeland in what is now northern Iraq
Assyrian world population.
  more than 500,000
  100,000 - 500,000
  50,000 - 100,000
  10,000 - 50,000
  less than 10,000

The Assyrian homeland includes the old cities of Nineveh (Mosul), Nuhadra (Dohuk), Arrapha/Beth Garmai (Kirkuk), Al Qosh, Tesqopa and Arbela (Arbil) in Iraq; Urmia in Iran; and Hakkari (a large region that comprises the modern towns of Yüksekova, Hakkâri, Çukurca, Şemdinli and Uludere), Edessa/Urhoy (Urfa), Harran, Amida (Diyarbakır) and Tur Abdin (Midyat and Kafro), in Turkey.[19]

Subgroups

There are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, and Chaldean.

  • The Eastern subgroup historically lived in Hakkari in the northern Zagros Mountains, the Simele and Sapna Valleys in Dohuk, and parts of the Nineveh and Urmia Plains. Its members speak Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects and are religiously diverse,[20] some being Protestant.[21]
  • The Chaldean subgroup is similar the Eastern subone and is often likened with the followers of the Chaldean Catholic Church[22] though not all Chaldean Catholics identify as Chaldean.[23][24] Its members are traditionally speakers of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic dialects, but there speak Turoyo, a Central Neo-Aramaic language. In Iraq, Chaldean Catholics live in the western Nineveh Plains villages of Alqosh, Batnaya, Tel Keppe and Tesqopa, in the Nahla valley, and in Aqra.[25]
  • The Western subgroup historically lived in Tur Abdin[26][27] and speaks mainly Turoyo.[28] Most are part of the West Syriac Rite churches[20] such as the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Syriac Catholic Church. Besides the original Assyrian village, Tur Abdin, there were also large populations in the towns of Diyarbakır, Urfa, Harput, and Adiyaman.

Diaspora

Many Assyrians have gone to the Caucasus, Canada, the United States, Australia, and Northern Europe during the past century. Thousands more live in Assyrian diaspora communities in the former Soviet Union, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.[29][30]

Outside of the homeland, most Assyrians live in Sweden (100,000),[31] Germany (100,000),[32] the United States (80,000),[33] and Australia (70,000).[34]

Script

Assyrian alphabet (ʾEsṭrangēlā)

Assyrians mostly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the Semitic abjads that come directly from the Aramaic alphabet and share similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets.[35] Many Assyrian people also use the Latin alphabet, especially in social media, for its ease.

The oldest sort of the alphabet is the ʾEsṭrangēlā script.[36] Even though it is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has been reused again the 10th century, and was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999.

The East Syriac dialect is usually written in the Maḏnḥāyā type of the alphabet, which is known as a "modern" simpler type.

The West Syriac dialect is normally written in the Serṭā form of the alphabet. Most of the letters come from ʾEsṭrangēlā but are simplified.[37]

Genetics

Late-20th-century DNA investigation by Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile, which separate, the population from any other.[38] Genetic study of the Assyrians of Persia shows that they were "closed," with little mixture with the Muslim Persians and that an single Assyrian's genetic makeup is comparatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole.[39][40] The genetic information goes well with history that religion played a big role in keeping the Assyrian population's separate identity during the Christian era.[38]

In a 2006 study of the Y chromosome DNA of six regional Armenian populations, including Assyrians and Syrians, researchers found that the Semitic people (Assyrians and Syrians) are very different from one another.[41] A 2008 study on the genetics of "old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia," including 340 people from seven ethnic communities such as Assyrian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Armenian, Turkmen, and the Arabs in Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait found that Assyrians were more ethnically alike compared than all other ethnic groups that were sampled in the study.[42]

A 2011 study from the Armenian National Academy of Sciences showed that Assyrians are genetically far from Arabs and are closer to other populations of the Near East and the South Caucasus.[43] It was also shown that Assyrians are closely related to the people of Syunik and Karabakh in eastern Armenia and are far from all Arab groups, which belong to a different group.[44]

A 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi groups was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi Yazidis were closer together but far from the other Northern Iraqi populations and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, modern Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may have a stronger relationship to the original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people.[45]

References

  1. ↑ Etheredge, Laura (2011). Iraq. Rosen Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 9781615303045.
  2. ↑ Bennett, Clinton (2005). Muslims and Modernity: An Introduction to the Issues and Debates. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 162, 163. ISBN 0-8264-5481-X. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  3. ↑ "History of Ashur". Assur.de. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  4. ↑ Wigram, William Ainger (1920). Our Smallest Ally; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger]; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
  5. ↑ Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281
  6. ↑ "Bathification of Iraqi Society" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  7. ↑ "Aramaic language". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
  8. ↑ J. Martin Bailey, Betty Jane Bailey, Who Are the Christians in the Middle East? p. 163: "more than two thirds" out of "nearly a million" Christians in Iraq.
  9. ↑ "Adherents.com". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on October 1, 2003. Retrieved 2013-09-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. ↑ Boháč, Artur (2010). "Assyrian Ethnic Identity in a Globalizing World" (PDF). In Mácha, Přemysl; Kopeček, Vincenc (eds.). Beyond Globalisation: Exploring the Limits of Globalisation in the Regional Context. Ostrava: University of Ostrava. p. 71. ISBN 978-80-7368-717-5. Although there are some atheists among Assyrians, they are usually associated with specific communities based on the adherence to a concrete religious sect.
  11. ↑ "Assyria". Crwflags.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  12. ↑ William F. Ainsworth, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea and Armenia (London 1842), vol. II, p. 272, cited in John Joseph, The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East (BRILL 2000), pp. 2 and 4
  13. ↑ Certrez, Donabed, and Makko (2012). The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence. Uppsala University. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-91-554-8303-6.
  14. ↑ Hays, Jeffrey. "ASSYRIAN CHRISTIANS, CHALDEANS AND JACOBITES | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
  15. ↑ Hanish, Shak (2008-03-22). "The Chaldean Assyrian Syriac people of Iraq: an ethnic identity problem". Digest of Middle East Studies. 17 (1): 32–48. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2008.tb00145.x.
  16. ↑ Jonathan Eric Lewis (June 2003). "Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism". Middle East Forum. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  17. ↑ "Arab American Institute Still Deliberately Claiming Assyrians Are Arabs". Aina.org. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  18. ↑ "In Court, Saddam Criticizes Kurdish Treatment of Assyrians". Aina.org. Retrieved 2008-11-16.
  19. ↑ Wigram, W.A., "The Ashiret Highlands of Hakkari (Mesopotamia)," Royal Central Asian Society Journal, 1916, Vol. III, pg. 40. – The Assyrians and their Neighbors (London, 1929)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Minahan 2002[broken anchor], p. 209
  21. ↑ Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977). Christian mission to Muslims: the record : Anglican and Reformed approaches in India and the Near East, 1800–1938. The William Carey Library series on Islamic studies. William Carey Library. pp. 366. ISBN 978-0-87808-320-6.
  22. ↑ "Who are the Chaldean Christians?". BBC News. March 13, 2008. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  23. ↑ Nisan 2002, p. x.
  24. ↑ Travis 2010, p. 238.
  25. ↑ FACTBOX: Christians in Turkey
  26. ↑ The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1. Library Information and Research Service. Northumberland Press, 2002. Page 491.
  27. ↑ Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora. Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale. Routledge, 2005. Page 228.
  28. ↑ "Šlomo Surayt". textbook.surayt.com. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
  29. ↑ "Falling for ISIS Propaganda About Christians". www.aina.org.
  30. ↑ Eden Naby. "Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community".
  31. ↑ Demographics of Sweden, Swedish Language Council "Sweden has also one of the largest exile communities of Assyrian and Syriac Christians (also known as Chaldeans) with a population of around 100,000."
  32. ↑ "Erzdiözese". Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  33. ↑ "American FactFinder – Results". Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ "CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN AUSTRALIA, 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 June 2017. Archived from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  35. ↑ "Syriac alphabet". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
  36. ↑ Hatch, William (1946). An album of dated Syriac manuscripts. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, reprinted in 2002 by Gorgias Press. p. 24. ISBN 1-931956-53-7.
  37. ↑ Nestle, Eberhard (1888). Syrische Grammatik mit Litteratur, Chrestomathie und Glossar. Berlin: H. Reuther's Verlagsbuchhandlung. [translated to English as Syriac grammar with bibliography, chrestomathy and glossary, by R. S. Kennedy. London: Williams & Norgate 1889. p. 5].
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Dr. Joel J. Elias, Emeritus, University of California, The Genetics of Modern Assyrians and their Relationship to Other People of the Middle East". Archived from the original on August 16, 2000.
  39. ↑ Akbari M.T.; Papiha Sunder S.; Roberts D.F.; Farhud Daryoush D. (1986). "Genetic Differentiation among Iranian Christian Communities". American Journal of Human Genetics. 38 (1): 84–98. PMC 1684716. PMID 3456196.
  40. ↑ Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca; Menozzi, Paolo; Piazza, Alberto (1994). The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press. p. 243. ISBN 978-0691087504.
  41. ↑ "Yepiskoposian et al., Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 10, Number 2, 2006, pp. 191–208(18), "Genetic Testing of Language Replacement Hypothesis in Southwest Asia"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
  42. ↑ Banoei, M. M.; Chaleshtori, M. H.; Sanati, M. H.; Shariati, P; Houshmand, M; Majidizadeh, T; Soltani, N. J.; Golalipour, M (Feb 2008). "Variation of DAT1 VNTR alleles and genotypes among old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia to the Oxus region". Hum Biol. 80 (1): 73–81. doi:10.3378/1534-6617(2008)80[73:VODVAA]2.0.CO;2. PMID 18505046. S2CID 10417591. The relationship probability was lowest between Assyrians and other communities. Endogamy was found to be high for this population through determination of the heterogeneity coefficient (+0,6867), Our study supports earlier findings indicating the relatively closed nature of the Assyrian community as a whole, which as a result of their religious and cultural traditions, have had little intermixture with other populations.
  43. ↑ Cinnioğlu C., King R., Kivisild T., et al. Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum. Genet., 114, 127-148, 2004.
  44. ↑ Quintana-Murci L., Krausz C., Zerjal T., et al. Y-chromosome lineages trace diffusion of people and languages in Southwestern Asia. Am. J. Hum. Genet., 68, 537-542, 2001.
  45. ↑ Dogan, Serkan (3 November 2017). "A glimpse at the intricate mosaic of ethnicities from Mesopotamia: Paternal lineages of the northern Iraqi Arabs, Kurds, Syriacs, Turkmens and Yazidis". PLOS ONE. 12 (11): e0187408. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1287408D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187408. PMC 5669434. PMID 29099847.

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